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Proto-Germanic: *aina-
Meaning: one
IE etymology: IE etymology
Gothic: { ains }
Old Norse: { einn }
Old English: ān
English: one
Old Saxon: ēn
Middle Dutch: een
Dutch: een
Middle Low German: ēn
Old High German: ein
Middle High German: ein 'ein'
German: ein
Proto-Germanic: *aira-, comp. adv. *airiaz, adj. *airiza-n; superl. *airista-; aira-n n.
Meaning: early, -ier
Gothic: air adv. `early', comp. airis adv. `früher', comp. *airiza adj. `older'
Old Norse: adv. ār `früh', comp. ǟr `früher'; ār-r `frühzeitig', ār n. `Anfang'
Norwegian: adv. ɔr `früh'
Old English: ǟra adj. `earlier, former'; ǟr, comp. m. ǟra, ǟrra, f., n. ǟre, ǟrre, sup. ǟrest adj. `early, former, preceding, ancient'; ǟr, ēra, sup. ǟrost, -est, ǟrst `ere, before, sooner, earlier, formerly, already, some time ago, lately, just now, till, until', ǟr conj. `ere, before that', prp. `before'
English: ere
Old Frisian: ēr `früher'; ērra, ārra `elderly person, ancestor'; ērost, ērist, ērst, ārist, ārst
Old Saxon: ēr `früher', ērist `first'
Middle Dutch: eer, ēre `früher'; eerre; eerst, ērst, ierst
Dutch: eer; eerder; eerst
Old Franconian: ONFrank ēr
Middle Low German: ēr `früher'; ēre(r)
Old High German: ēr (8. Jh) `früher, einst, eher'; ēriro (um 800), ērro `elderly person, ancestor'; ērist `first'
Middle High German: ē, ēr 'früher, vormals; eher, lieber'; comp. ērer, ērre, ërre 'früher, vorig'
German: eher, ehe; erst
Proto-Germanic: *aiskōn- vb., *aisk=
Meaning: ask
Old English: āscian (ācsian, āhsian, āxian) (-ode; -od) `to ask, ask for, demand, inquire, call, summon before one; to obtain, experience'; ǟsce, -an f. `search, inquisition, examination, trial of'
English: ask
Old Frisian: āscian `vragen, verlangen'
Old Saxon: ēskon, ēscian `fordern'
Middle Dutch: eiscen, ēscen, hēschen
Dutch: eisen
Old High German: eiscōn (8.Jh.) `fordern, verlangen, bitten, fragen'', eisca `Forderung' (um 1000)
Middle High German: eischen, heischen wk./red. (prt. iesch) 'forschen, fragen; fordern'
German: heischen (älter eischen)
Proto-Germanic: *aísō(n), *áisōn- vb., *fr(a)-áisan- vb.; *uf-aisti-z
Meaning: danger
Gothic: *fraisan st. `tempt'
Old Norse: eisa wk. `vorwärtsstürmen'
Old English: {of-ost, -est, ofst `Eile, Eifer' } { frāisan `(God) verzoeken, vragen, uitvorsen' }
Old Frisian: frēs `danger'
Old Saxon: frēsa `danger'; frēson `verzoeken, belagen, in gevaar brengen'; ov-ast `Eile, Eifer'
Middle Dutch: vrēsen `in gevaar brengen, bang maken, dreigen'
Dutch: vrezen
Old High German: freisa st./wk. f. `danger'; freisōn `in gevaar brengen'
Middle High German: vreise st./wk. f., wk. m. 'gefährdung, gefahr, verderben, drangsal'; vreise 'grausam, schrecklich'; vreisen wk. 'in gefahr u. schrecken bringen', vreist(e) st. f. 'gefahr, gefährdung, drangsal; grausamkeit'
Proto-Germanic: *aitra-n, *aitila-z; *itilēn
Meaning: gland, matter
Old Norse: eitr n. `Eiter; Raserei'; NIsl eitil-l m. `Einschluss in einem Stein'
Norwegian: eiter; eitel `Drüse, Knorren am Baum, Knoten, Knospe'; itle `Drüse'
Swedish: etter; dial. äjtel, ättel, ajtel `Drüse'
Danish: edder
Old English: ātor (āttor, āter ,ātter, ǟtor, ǟtter, ǟttor), gen. ātres/āttres n. `Eiter'
English: atter
Old Frisian: atter, ātter, ater. āter
Old Saxon: ēttar
Middle Dutch: etter
Dutch: etter m.
Middle Low German: etter
Old High German: eiʒ `Euterbeule, Geschwür'; eitar `Gift, Eiter' (9.Jh.)
Middle High German: eiʒ st. m. 'geschwür, eiterbeule', eiʒel st. `kleines eiterndes Geschwür'; eiter st. n. 'gift, bes. tierisches; ohrenfliessen'
German: Eiter m.; dial. eis `Euterbeule, Geschwür'
Proto-Germanic: *áiɵa-z
Meaning: oath
Gothic: aiɵ-s m. (a) `oath'
Old Norse: eiδ-r m. `Eid'
Norwegian: eid
Swedish: ed
Danish: ed
Old English: āɵ, -es m. `oath, swearing'
English: oath
Old Frisian: ēth
Old Saxon: ēth
Middle Dutch: eet
Dutch: eed m.
Middle Low German: ēt
Old High German: eid (8.Jh.) `Eid, Schwur, Gelöbnis'; Langob pl. aidos `Eideshelfer'
Middle High German: eit (-d-) st. m., f. 'eid'
German: Eid m.
Proto-Germanic: *áiɵuma-z
Meaning: brother-in-law
Old English: āɵum `зять, шурин'
Old High German: eidum `зять'
Middle High German: eidem, eiden st. m. 'schwiegersohn; schwiegervater'
Proto-Germanic: *aiwa-z, -n, *aiwō(n)
Meaning: law
Old English: ǟ, ǟw, gen. ǟ, ǟe, ǟwe f., gen. ǟs n. `law; statute, custom, rite, marriage'
Old Frisian: ā, ē, ēwe wk f. (n-decl.), ēwa
Old Saxon: ēo, ēu st. m.
Middle Dutch: ēwe, ee, eeuw
Dutch: eegade m., n.
Middle Low German: ē(we), ēwe, ee, eeuw
Old High German: ēwa, ēwī f. (8. Jh.)
Middle High German: ēwe, ē st. f. 'endlos lange zeit, ewigkeit; alterkömmliches gewohnheitsrecht, recht, gesetz'
German: Ehe
Comments: All forms except OSax also mean `Ehevertrag, Ehe'.
Proto-Germanic: *aiwiskia-n; *aiwisk=
Meaning: dishonour, shame
Gothic: aiwiski n. (ja) `shame'; un-aiwisk-s `without shame'
Old English: ǟwisc, -e f. `a dishonour, disgrece, offence'; ǟwisc adj. `disgraced, ashamed, abashed', ǟwiscnys, -ness, -e f. `disgrace, obscenity, filthiness, ablushing for shame, reverence'
Low German: eisk, aisch `fürchterlich, ekelhaft, garstig'
Middle High German: eisch 'hässlich, abscheulich'
Proto-Germanic: *aiwi-z (/*aiwa-z); *aiwi-; *aiwō-; adv. *aiwi-n; *aiwīn
Meaning: eternity, life-time, always
Gothic: *aiw-s m. (a/i) `time, eternity'; ni... aiw `never'
Old Norse: ǟvi f. `Ewigkeit, Lebenszeit'; ǟ, ei, ey, öy `immer'
Norwegian: äva `Ewigkeit, Lebenszeit'
Old Swedish: ē `immer'
Swedish: dial. äva `Ewigkeit, Lebenszeit'
Old English: ǟ indecl. `life'; ā adv. `always, ever, for ever', nā, nō `no, not'
English: aye, ever; no
Old Frisian: ēwe f. `eeuwigheid'
Old Saxon: ēwan-dag `eeuwigheid', ēwig `eeuwig', ēo `immer'
Middle Dutch: ēwe, ee m., f. `tijdperk, eeuwigheid'
Dutch: eeuw f.
Middle Low German: ēwe `wigkeit'
Old High German: ēwī st. f., ēwa st./wk. f. `Ewigkeit' (9. Jh.); īo `immer', nīo `nie'
Middle High German: ēwe, ē st. f. 'endlos lange zeit, ewigkeit; altherkömmliches gewohnheitsrecht, recht, gesetz'
German: je, nie
Proto-Germanic: *áixa- prs., *aigán-, *aigni-z, *aixti-z
Meaning: have, possess
Gothic: *aigan (aih, aigum/aihum; aihta) prt.-prs. `have, partake of'; aiht-s f. (i) `property'; aigin n. (a) `property'
Old Norse: eiga prt.-prs. `besitzen'; ǟtt f. `Geschlecht, Stamm, Generation; Himmelsgegend', ātt `id.'; eigin-n adj. `eigen, eigentümlich'; eign f. `Eigentum', Run. Norw at aign
Norwegian: eign sbs.; eigen adj.; ätt
Old Swedish: eghn, äghn sbs.
Swedish: egen adj.; äga vb.; egen adj.; ätt
Old Danish: egn sbs.
Danish: egen eien adj.; ät
Old English: āgan (āh, āgon; āhte; āgen) `to own, possess, have, obtain; to give, deliber, restore'; ǟht, -e f. `possessions, property, lands, goods, riches; possession, power'; { āgen (ǟgen) }
English: owe, own
Old Frisian: (h)āga (āch, āgon; āchte); ein, ain adj.
Old Saxon: ēgan (ēh, ēgun; ēhta) `haben, besitzen'; ēgan adj.
Middle Dutch: eighen, eighijn `eigen; horig, lijeigen'
Dutch: eigen adj.
Middle Low German: ēgen adj.
Old High German: eigan adj.; eigan `haben, besitzen'; ēht `Besitzt, Eigentum'; eigan adj.
Middle High German: eigen adj. 'was man hat, eigen mit; hörig, leibeigen'; eigen an. v. 'haben'
German: eigen adj.
Proto-Germanic: *aiza-n; *ī́sarna-, *īzarna-; *aizuga-z
Meaning: ore, copper, iron
Gothic: aiz n. `money metal'; *īsarn n. (a) `iron'
Old Norse: eir n. `Erz, Kupfer'; ēarn, īarn (älter), jārn n. (2)
Norwegian: eir (1); 3) jarn (2); eir, erj (4)
Old Swedish: ēr (1)
Swedish: järn (2); ärg (3)
Old Danish: eer (1)
Danish: jern (2); ir, irr (4)
Old English: äs, -äris n. `Brass'; ǟr,-es n. `brass', ār, -es n. `ore, brass, copper' `Erz'; īsern,-es n. `iron, an instrument or weapon made of iron'; īsen, -es n. `iron, steel, an implement made of iron'; īren, -es n. `iron, an iron weapon, a sword, blade'
English: ore, iron
Old Frisian: īsern, īrsen (2)
Old Saxon: ēr (1); īsarn, īsan (2)
Middle Dutch: eer (1); īsen, īser (2)
Dutch: ijzer n.
Middle Low German: ēr(e) `Erz'; īsern, īsen (2)
Old High German: ēr (8. Jh.) `Erz'; īsarn, īsan (8. Jh.) (2)
Middle High German: ēr st. n. 'erz, eisen'; īsen st. n. 'eisen als metall; waffe, rüstung, pflugschar, hufeisen usw.'; īsern, īser st. n. 'eisen, bes. das verarbeitete eisen, eiserne waffe, rüstung'
Comments: 2, 3 - Lehnw. aus dem Keltischen (nicht Irl.)
Proto-Germanic: *aiziō; *aizōn-, *aizēn- vb.; *aistan- vb.
Meaning: respect, honour
Gothic: *aistan wk. `fear, respect'
Old Norse: eir f. `Gnade, Milde, Hilfe'; Eir Name einer Göttin (der Heilkunde), eira
Old English: ār, -e f. `honour, glory, rank, dignity, magnificence, respect, reverence; kindness, favour, mercy, pity; property, posessions, an estate, land, ecclesiastical living, benefice'
Old Frisian: ēre `eer, verering'
Old Saxon: ēra `eer, bescherming, genade, gave', ēron
Middle Dutch: ēre, ēr `eer, aanzien, eergevoel, deugd', ēren
Dutch: eer f.
Old Franconian: ONFrank ēra `coronam', unēra `ignominiam'
Middle Low German: ēre `Ehre'
Old High German: ēra (8. Jh.) `Ansehen, Wertschätzung, Berühmtheit, Würde, Zierde, Ehrfurcht, Verehrung', ērōn, ērēn
Middle High German: ēre st. f. `Ehererbietung, Zierde, Ansehen, Ruhm, Sieg, Herrschaft, Ehrgefüll, ehrenhaftes Benehmen'
German: Ehre f.
Proto-Germanic: *aizṓ
Meaning: oar
Old Norse: ār, ɔ̄r f. `Ruder'
Norwegian: ɔr
Old Swedish: ār(a)
Swedish: ɔra, ɔr
Danish: ɔre
Old English: ār, -e f. `oar'
English: oar
Proto-Germanic: *ajjá-n, *ajjá-z
Meaning: egg
Gothic: CrimGot ada `ovum' (= Got nom. sg. *ad(d)i? nom. pl. *addja?)
Old Norse: egg n.
Swedish: ägg
Danish: eg
Old English: äg (äig), -es, pl. ru n. `Egg'
English: egg
Old Saxon: ei
Middle Dutch: ei
Dutch: ei n.
Middle Low German: ey
Old High German: ei (8. Jh.)
Middle High German: ei (gen. eies, eiges) st. n. 'ei'
German: Ei n.
Proto-Germanic: *akan- vb., *aki-z, *akla-z
Meaning: bad, evil
Old English: { acan `pijn doen', eke m. }
English: ache
Old Frisian: akelig, aeklig `horridus, miser, vehemens'
Middle Dutch: akel m. `leed, verdriet, nadeel'
Dutch: akelig
Low German: äken `pijn doen'
Proto-Germanic: *akan- vb.; *ēkan- vb.
Meaning: to sail, navigate
Old Norse: aka st. `(zu Schiff oder Wagen) fahren'
Norwegian: aka
Old Swedish: aka; āka
Swedish: ɔka
Danish: age
Proto-Germanic: *akarna-n/*akrana-n, *akirna-n
Meaning: acorn
Gothic: akran n. (a) `fruit, results'
Old Norse: akarn n. `Frucht wildwachsender Bäume'
Norwegian: dial. ɔkorn `Eichel'
Swedish: dial. akarn `Eichel
Danish: agern `Eichel'
Old English: äcern (äcirn), -es n. `corn or fruitof an oak, acorn, nut'; { äcren, äceru }
English: acorn
Middle Dutch: aker m. `eikel'
Dutch: aker m.
Middle Low German: ēker(en), ecker(en), āker(en), acker(en) `Eichel, Eichelmast'
Middle High German: ackeran, ɛcker st. m., n. `Frucht der Eiche und Buche'
German: Ecker f.
Proto-Germanic: *akra-z, *akrōn
Meaning: field
Gothic: akr-s m. (a) `field'
Old Norse: akr m. `Acker; Korn, Ackerfrucht', ekra f. `Ackerland'
Norwegian: äkra `Brachhland, Weide'
Old Swedish: ɔ̄ker, āker, akker
Swedish: ɔker, dial. ekrta, äkra `Brachhland, Weide'
Danish: ager
Old English: äcer (äcyr), -es m. `a field, land, sown land'
English: acre `Feldmass'
Old Frisian: ekker
Old Saxon: akkar
Middle Dutch: acker
Dutch: akker m.
Middle Low German: acker
Old High German: ackar (8.Jh.), ahhar
Middle High German: acker st. m., n. 'ackerfeld; ein längen- und flächenmass'
German: Acker m.
Proto-Germanic: *akwizjō; *akúsjō; *akwís=; *akús=
Meaning: ax
Gothic: akʷizi f. (jō) `ax'
Old Norse: öx f., ax f.
Swedish: üxa
Danish: öxe
Old English: äx (äsc, acas), -e f., acase (axe), -an f. `axe'
English: axe
Old Saxon: akus
Middle Dutch: aex f.
Dutch: aaks, aks, aakst m.
Old Franconian: acus
Middle Low German: axe, ēxe, 5) ē̆xte; 3) akes
Old High German: ackis, ackus (um 800)
Middle High German: ackes, aks, ax, axt st. f. 'axt'
German: Axt f.
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