Character: 降
Modern (Beijing) reading: xiáng jiàng
Preclassic Old Chinese: grūŋ krūŋs
Classic Old Chinese: grūŋ
Western Han Chinese: grǝ̄uŋ
Eastern Han Chinese: grǝ̄uŋ
Early Postclassic Chinese: gǝ̣̄uŋ
Middle Postclassic Chinese: gọ̄ŋ
Late Postclassic Chinese: giǝ̣̄uŋ
Middle Chinese: ɣạuŋ kạ̀uŋ
Fanqie: 奚龐 [a] 記巷 [b]
Rhyme class: 絳 [a] 江 [b]
English meaning : to descend, come down; to send down
Russian meaning[s]: 1) спускать(ся) вниз; снижаться, падать; 2) подавлять; [xiáng] подчинять(ся), покорять(ся); сдаваться, капитулировать
Shuowen gloss: 下也. 從阜. 夅聲.
Comments: Also read MC ɣạuŋ (FQ 下江), Mand. xiáng, Viet. hàng 'to submit'. There are some problems with OC reconstruction here: the Jian-ou reflex aŋ6 seems to point to *ghrūŋ (other Min dialects have "literary" reflexes with h-), but the word is obviously a voiced counterpart of *krūŋ-s, thus perhaps a reconstruction *grūŋ would be preferable. An archaic Viet. loan from the same source is probably Viet. rụng 'to fall, to drop'. Cf. perhaps also Viet. xuống 'to descend, go down'.
Radical: 170
Four-angle index: 2544
Karlgren code: 1015 a-c
Vietnamese reading: giáng
Shijing occurrences: 14.1_, 50.2
