Character: 煉
Modern (Beijing) reading: liàn
Preclassic Old Chinese: rēns
Classic Old Chinese: rēnh
Western Han Chinese: rjānh
Eastern Han Chinese: riānh
Early Postclassic Chinese: liḕn
Middle Postclassic Chinese: liḕn
Late Postclassic Chinese: liḕn
Middle Chinese: lìen
English meaning : to melt, forge; to train [Han]
Russian meaning[s]: плавить, выплавлять; обжигать; рафинировать
Comments: Written also with the 167th radical (metal). Obviously the same word as 練 q.v. Viet. rèn is an archaic loan; standard Sino-Viet. is (the same case as 練) luyện with unclear labialisation.
Radical: 86
Four-angle index: 5401
Vietnamese reading: rèn
