Proto-Basque: *hai(n)cur̄
Meaning: 1 hoe 2 spade 3 pickax, mattock
Bizkaian: atxur 2
Gipuzkoan: aitzur 2
High Navarrese: aitzur 2
Low Navarrese: haitzur, aintzur 1, 2
Lapurdian: haintzur 2
Zuberoan: háitzür 1, 2, 3
Roncalese: aintzur 1
Comments: It is unclear whether the words mean 'hoe' or 'spade': Span. azada can mean either. Larrasquet (1939) has 'pioche (mais non bêche ni houe)' (for ZBR). Jacobsen (1995: 131) mentions "Eastern forms for 'hoe' ... (h)aintzur, antxur, and altxur," and mentions the association (probably secondary) with *ɦaic 'rock' (q.v.). Several external parallels are possible: PNC *HăjʒV̄ 'chisel'; PNC *Hrājc_ū 'wooden plow, mattock'; PEC *ɦwālźV 'axe'; or *=ämźŬ 'to plow, sow', or perhaps some contamination between two or more of these. *hai(n)cur̄ may have influenced *haiskora 'axe' (usually derived from Lat. asciola). Cf. also Trask (1997: 289).
