Altaic etymology : Query result

Proto-Altaic: *i̯umi

Meaning: a k. of clothing

Russian meaning: вид одежды

Turkic: *(i)öm

Mongolian: *emü- (*ömü-)

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)im-

Comments: Лексика 478. A Western isogloss. In TM a reconstruction *üm- is also not excluded; if this is the case the root should be reconstructed as *i̯ume and would be just a specialization of *i̯ùme 'tie, belt': 'girdled clothes'.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯úmu

Meaning: a k. of fruit or berry

Russian meaning: вид плода или ягоды

Turkic: *imiti ( ~ *ɨmɨt)

Tungus-Manchu: *uma-kta

Japanese: *úmái

Comments: The Jpn. word is usually derived from Middle Chinese moj 'plum', but the problem here is the same as in the word for 'horse' (see *ènŋù): inexplicable initial u- in Japanese. The matches in TM and Turkic may provide an alternative Altaic explanation of Jpn. *úmái.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯umu

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to help, gather

Russian meaning: помогать, собирать(ся)

Turkic: *im-

Mongolian: *öm-

Tungus-Manchu: *umī-

Korean: *umur-

Comments: A reliable common Altaic root; a small problem is fronted *im- instead of the expected *ɨm- in Turkic.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ŭ́ne

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: notch (on arrow)

Russian meaning: зарубка (на стреле)

Mongolian: *oni

Tungus-Manchu: *ün-

Korean: *ònắi

Comments: VEWT 362, Цинциус 1984, 43. The Kor. word is regarded as borrowed from Mong. in Lee 1964, 192, which is somewhat dubious (-ă- is unexplainable). See also notes to *i̯ū́ńa and *i̯ańu.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ŭ̀ni

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to live, rest

Russian meaning: жить, отдыхать

Mongolian: *ün-ǯi-

Tungus-Manchu: *in-

Korean: *nūi

Japanese: *ìnǝ̀-tí

Comments: MKor. has a frequent initial vowel reduction.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯uńŋu ( ~ -a)

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to breathe, smell

Russian meaning: дышать, нюхать

Turkic: *ɨn-tɨk

Mongolian: *(h)oŋguli-

Tungus-Manchu: *uńŋu-

Comments: A Western isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯unu

Meaning: cow

Russian meaning: корова

Turkic: *in-gek (/*ɨn-gak), *in-ken

Mongolian: *üniɣen

Comments: EAS 114, Владимирцов 175. A Turk.-Mong. isogloss. Despite Щербак 1997, 163 Mong. cannot be borrowed from Turk.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯upo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to be ashamed, taken aback

Russian meaning: стыдиться, приходить в замешательство

Turkic: *ubut

Mongolian: *ubaj

Tungus-Manchu: *üb-

Japanese: *ǝpǝpǝ-

Comments: All languages reflect the root with different derivational suffixes; the simple verbal stem is perhaps preserved only in Manchu.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ure

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: a k. of foliage tree

Russian meaning: вид лиственного дерева

Turkic: *ɨrgaj

Tungus-Manchu: *ürē-kte

Korean: *ori

Japanese: *utu-kui

Comments: Turkic forms are usually derived < Mong. irɣaj id., but the direction of borrowing may be opposite; however, Yak. ɨarɣa is certainly < Mong.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯uŕo

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: long; late

Russian meaning: длинный, долгий; поздний, давний

Turkic: *uŕɨ-n, *uŕa-k

Mongolian: *urtu, *uri-du

Tungus-Manchu: *(x)ir- ~ (x)ür-

Korean: *òrá-

Comments: EAS 112, KW 452, Poppe 81, АПиПЯЯ 34, 283. Cf. *ūre.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ùru

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: joy

Russian meaning: радость

Turkic: *ɨra

Mongolian: *urma

Tungus-Manchu: *uru-

Japanese: *ùrià-

Comments: One of numerous common Altaic terms of emotion.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯úrù

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to gather, crowd

Russian meaning: собирать(ся), толпа

Turkic: *irk-

Mongolian: *ir-, *irge-

Tungus-Manchu: *urū-

Korean: *ur

Japanese: *ú(n)tì

Comments: KW 209, Martin 228, Lee 25-26. Cf. Old Koguryo *uš (see Miller 1979, 17).

Proto-Altaic: *i̯úse

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to grow, sprout

Russian meaning: расти, прорастать

Turkic: *ös-

Mongolian: *ös-

Tungus-Manchu: *üse-

Korean: *ìsàk

Comments: Poppe 108. In Kor. one has to suppose a secondary reduction *jǝ̀sVk > *ìsàk; otherwise the correspondences are regular.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ū̀ču

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to become free, retire, disappear

Russian meaning: освобождаться, отступать, пропадать

Turkic: *ɨč-

Tungus-Manchu: *ōs-

Japanese: *us-

Comments: Cf. also Kalm. usχǝ- 'to become free' (KW 452) - if not < Turk. The Jpn. form can be alternatively compared with MKor. irh- 'to lose'.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ū́du

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to lead, direct

Russian meaning: вести, направлять

Turkic: *ɨ̄d-

Mongolian: *udu-

Comments: A Turk.-Mong. isogloss.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ū̀ge

Meaning: to knead, press, crush

Russian meaning: месить, мять, ломать

Turkic: *ög-

Mongolian: *uɣur

Tungus-Manchu: *ǖ(g)-

Comments: A Western isogloss. Cf. *p`i̯ṑpo. Despite TMN 2, 151, Chag. oɣur and other late attested Turkic forms are most probably < Mong. (see Ligeti 1954, 110).

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ū́ńa ( ~ -u, -e)

Meaning: pit, ravine

Russian meaning: яма, овраг

Turkic: *ījn

Mongolian: *(h)oni

Tungus-Manchu: *uńi ( ~ ü-)

Comments: A Western isogloss. It is somewhat difficult to distinguish PA *i̯ū́ńa 'pit, ravine', *i̯ŭ́ne 'notch (on arrow)' and *i̯ańu 'line, furrow' because of natural contaminations, but such a distinction seems necessary.

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ū́ŕgi (?)

Meaning: fat; brain

Russian meaning: жир; мозг

Turkic: *ǖŕ

Tungus-Manchu: *irg[ü]

Comments: A Turkic-Tungus isogloss; phonetically a good match, but semantics raises some doubts. {? Cf. PE *uqru- 'fat, blubber'}

Proto-Altaic: *i̯ū́t`e

Meaning: thick liquid

Russian meaning: густая жидкость

Turkic: *ȫt

Mongolian: *öte-

Tungus-Manchu: *üt-

Comments: A Western isogloss. Ramstedt (SKE 79) compares Kor. jǝt 'candy, taffy', but MKor. has consistently jǝ́s here.

Proto-Altaic: *ī́k`è

Nostratic: Nostratic

Meaning: to be insolent, angry, flamed up

Russian meaning: быть дерзким, раздраженным, сердиться

Turkic: *ēke- (~ ī-)

Mongolian: *(h)egde-

Tungus-Manchu: *ikē-

Korean: *ìkɨ́i-

Japanese: *íká-r-

Comments: See SKE 68 (in Kor. cf. also igɨrǝ-ǯida 'to act up, put on airs'). One of the numerous common Altaic verbs of emotion. Semantic match between Turkic, Mongolian and Japanese is straightforward ("to be angry, indignant"). In TM one has to suppose a shift > "to be insolent, obscene" > "sing obscene songs, blackguard" (Manchu), with further generalization > "sing" in other languages. In Korean we see a different semantic shift > "to put on airs, be haughty" > "to overcome".