Comments:The TM form may belong here if it goes back to *kaŋ-čikān (= PT *Kaŋčɨk, MKor. kàŋ'àčí). See SKE 84-85, ТМС 1,385, Menges 1984, 270-271, АПиПЯЯ 296, Дыбо 9; TMN 3, 520 ("alles sehr unsicher").
Comments:EAS 145, Владимирцов 153-154, 258, Poppe 45. One cannot exclude Mong. < Turk. in this case. An expressive Western isogloss. Cf. also *k`ĕ̀p`e (and Ozawa 201).
Comments:KW 180, Владимирцов 270, Poppe 48. A Western isogloss. Despite Doerfer's doubts (TMN 1, 450), the Turk. and Mong. forms cannot be separated from each other. It is interesting also to mention the forms meaning 'to wink' ( < *'press eyelids together') among the reflexes of PT *Kɨp- (usually confused with *Kɨp- 'spark') and the TM derivative *kapta- (usually confused with *kapta- 'flat'). Cf. also *k`ap`V.
Comments:АПиПЯЯ 276, Мудрак Дисс. 89. Cf. *kéro. In PTM cf. perhaps *(x)arča- 'to meet, oppose (an animal during hunting)' (ТМС 1, 53) - a root that should be kept distinct from *ača- 'to meet'. In this case the reconstruction *k`àra should be preferred for PA.
Comments:KW 169, VEWT 235 (the TM forms in ТМС 1,380 - Man. qara-, qarun etc. - are obviously borrowed from Mongolian, see Doerfer MT 51, 138, Rozycki 135), Lee 1958, 114, АПиПЯЯ 287.
Comments:The root is not widely represented, but seems reliable; the meaning 'axle' in Kor.-Jpn. has developed < 'thin stick'. {ND 1199 adds WMo qaraŋɣa 'long front teeth of domestic animals; small arrow'.}
Comments:Martin 232-233, Лексика 173. Cf. perhaps MMong. qara'una (HY 15) 'a k. of bird'. The tone correspondence between Kor. and Jpn. is irregular. Like many bird names, an expressive and rather unreliable root.
Comments:EAS 107, Владимирцов 324, ОСНЯ 1, 338, АПиПЯЯ 54-55, 73, 103-104, 274. Despite TMN 3, 427, Щербак 1997, 134, there is no need to regard the Mong. word as borrowed from Turkic (although it is not excluded).
Comments:A Western isogloss. See Лексика 175, Pelliot HMP 573 (Doerfer TMN 3, 499: "unsicher"). Like many bird names, the root is expressive and probably onomatopoetic in origin.
