Notes :A frequent cultural term, with borrowings a likely probability. Judging by the phonetic shape of the North Khoisan form, it is probably borrowed from Khoe, but the !Xóõ form is more likely to be original.
Notes :Peripheral Khoisan and Khoe roots very probably belong together, but the link with Sandawe and Hadza is very weak (kuru-like words for "tortoise" are widespread in Africa and could have penetrated both languages from a newer source).
Notes :The meaning of the word in !Xóõ is not just "fence", but also "hookthorn bush" (material from which the fence is constructed). This makes the idea of the forms being borrowed from Khoe less easy than could be thought at first.
Notes :See Honken 1998: 181. Quite likely that the word has been borrowed into various Peripheral Khoisan idioms independently from Khoe sources. The Sandawe parallel, if correct, may indicate at a "primal click" origin for the Khoe etymon.
Notes :If the Sandawe form belongs here, the comparison may represent yet another example of a "primary" click in Khoisan. On the other hand, the Peripheral Khoisan part of it is rather weak, with most of the attested forms quite probably just recent borrowings from Khoe.
Notes :Within Peripheral Khoisan, the only reliable form here is =Hoan ||ho̰a, but the latter cannot easily be explained as a borrowing from Khoe for phonetic reasons.
