Macro-Khoisan etymology : Query result

Proto-Khoisan : *||om-

Meaning : to chop

Proto-Bushman : *||o^hm

Proto-Khoe : *||(h)om

Sandawe : *||wame

Proto-Khoisan : *||ō [~]

Meaning : path

Sandawe : *||ō

Notes : Attested only in Sandawe.

Proto-Khoisan : *||qaU

Meaning : to glow; light

Proto-Bushman : *||qaU

Proto-Khoe : *||qau

Proto-Khoisan : *||qhV-

Meaning : to show

Proto-Bushman : *||qha-

Proto-Khoe : *||áú (*ɳ||háú)

Sandawe : *lade(ʔ) (?)

Notes : The link with Sandawe is very weak (possible only if the initial l- in Sandawe can be somehow connected with the lateral click in Khoe, but no other examples are available).

Proto-Khoisan : *||qhṼ

Meaning : tooth

Proto-Bushman : *||qhɛ̃

Proto-Khoe : *||ṹ

Hadza : *||ʔuḳo (?)

Proto-Khoisan : *||qV-

Meaning : to open

Proto-Bushman : *!₁qʔoa-

Proto-Khoe : *||qhó (?)

Hadza : *||aʔa (?)

Notes : Click correspondences are quite unclear in this comparison.

Proto-Khoisan : *||q̇V

Meaning : warm

Proto-Bushman : *||qʔõ

Proto-Khoe : *||ʔô

Sandawe : *hoḳa (?)

Notes : The Sandawe parallel does not tie in very well with the lateral click, but the Peripheral Khoisan and Khoe forms obviously belong together.

Proto-Khoisan : *||U (?) [~]

Meaning : to lie

Proto-Khoe : *||óé

Hadza : *||upi (?)

Notes : The Hadza form can also belong to *||ʔo "to sleep".

Proto-Khoisan : *||ũ(ʔ)

Meaning : to play

Proto-Bushman : *ɳ||ũʔũ

Sandawe : *||wã

Notes : A NK-Sandawe isogloss (although the Sandawe form is unreliable).

Proto-Khoisan : *||xabi

Meaning : to unwind

Proto-Bushman : *||xabi

Proto-Khoe : *||xábì

Notes : Scant distribution of the forms in Peripheral Khoisan suggests possible borrowing from Khoe.

Proto-Khoisan : *||xau

Meaning : a k. of mouse

Proto-Bushman : *||xau (?)

Proto-Khoe : *ɡ||au

Notes : A dubious connection, since within Peripheral Khoisan the word is only represented in |Xam (could be a borrowing from Khoe).

Proto-Khoisan : *||xu

Meaning : warthog

Proto-Bushman : *||xou

Proto-Khoe : *||xú

Sandawe : *||ʔa (?)

Notes : Scant distribution of the forms in Peripheral Khoisan suggests possible borrowing from Khoe.

Proto-Khoisan : *||XU

Meaning : dry

Proto-Bushman : *!̯₁kxa̰u

Proto-Khoe : *||xó

Sandawe : *||oka

Hadza : *||ʔape (?)

Notes : All the supposed links are genetic, but the Hadza form in particular is quite dubious.

Proto-Khoisan : *||₁ɣa-

Meaning : scorpion

Proto-Bushman : *||₁ɣai (*ǂ-)

Proto-Khoe : *ǂxãĩ

Notes : Very weakly represented in Khoe (Nama only), but the connection is evident.

Proto-Khoisan : *||χaba

Meaning : shoulderblade

Proto-Bushman : *||χaba

Proto-Khoe : *||xábà

Hadza : *ʎeka (?)

Notes : Khoe and Peripheral Khoisan roots are hard to explain as contact items. The Hadza word, however, is most probably not related.

Proto-Khoisan : *||χo-

Meaning : to breathe

Proto-Bushman : *||χo(ʔ)a-

Proto-Khoe : *||hùí(^ŋ)

Notes : Dubious connection (click effluxes are almost irreconcilable).

Proto-Khoisan : *|ʷʔo [~]

Meaning : tree

Proto-Bushman : *|ʷʔɔ̃

Notes : Only Peripheral Khoisan. Labial click articulation in South Khoisan may be secondary, as in other cases.

Proto-Khoisan : *|ʷã̰

Meaning : wild cucumber

Proto-Bushman : *|ʷã̰ (?)

Proto-Khoe : *|hã

Notes : The Ju|ʔhoan form may be an old borrowing from Khoe, but the !Xóõ form, with its labial click, is hardly conceivable as a borrowing.

Proto-Khoisan : *|(ʷ)nU-

Meaning : duiker

Proto-Bushman : *|ʷʔau

Proto-Khoe : *ɳ|ã́ũ̀

Hadza : *ndofeda (?)

Notes : Contact solution is excluded here (the root is well reconstructible, e. g., for Proto-North Khoisan, and does not contain a nasalized efflux in that language, unlike the Proto-Khoe reconstruction).

Proto-Khoisan : *|ʷ[n]V

Meaning : one

Proto-Bushman : *ɳ|ʷV-

Proto-Khoe : *|úí (?)