North Khoisan etymology : Query result

Proto-Ju: *cxeŋ

Tonal pattern: XL [j] ~ LL [k]

Meaning: leguaan, monitor lizard

Juǀʼhoan : cxã̏ĩ̀ (n2)

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): cxẽĩ

ǀǀAuǀǀen : cãĩ "agama lizard"

!Kung (Lloyd) : cxáŋ "lizard"

!O!Kung (Bleek) : cxe "iguana" // ǂxani "lizard" (?)

Kavango : cxàŋ

Tsumkwe : cxã̀ĩ

Tsintsabis : cxàŋ

Okongo : čxàŋ

Leeunes : cxàŋ

Mpunguvlei : cxàŋ

Cuito : cxàŋ

Cuando : cxàŋ

South Omatako : sxàŋ

North Omatako : cxãĩ

Kameeldoring : sxàŋ

Lister : cxã̀ĩ

References : Bleek 211, 222, 678; Dickens 276; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 39; Snyman 1997: 67.

RefLex number: 1612

Proto-Ju: *cxʼã

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LM [k]

Meaning: to run away from

Juǀʼhoan : cʼã̀ã̀ "run away from, desert (work), play truant"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): cʼãː

!Kung (Vedder): ʒã̂ː "to leave someone"

!Kung (Wilhelm): ʒaː "to leave someone"

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ʒàwa "to run" (?)

Kavango : cʼã̀ã́ ~ cxʼã̀ã́

References : Bleek 30, 31; Dickens 278; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 29.

RefLex number: 1647

Proto-Ju: *cxʼũ

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ HH [k]

Meaning: nose

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : cʼṹ (n5 -si) "nose; tree stump" // cʼṹ-ɳ!áŋ (n5 -si) "nostril"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): cʼũ

ǀǀAuǀǀen : čũ

!Kung (Lloyd) : sːũ̀ ~ cũ̀ ~ càŋ ~ cã́ũ ~ cːã́ũ

!Kung (Doke): cʼũ̄

!Kung (Wilhelm): cun

!O!Kung (Bleek) : cuŋ ~ cáŋ́ ~ čn

Kavango : ʒgxa̋ŋ "nostrils"

Tsumkwe : cʼũ

Tsintsabis : cʼáŋ

Okongo : čʼáŋ

Leeunes : cʼũ

Mpunguvlei : cxʼáŋ ~ !xáŋ

Cuito : cxʼáŋ ~ !xáŋ

Cuando : čxʼáŋ ~ cxʼáŋ

South Omatako : cʼũ

North Omatako : cʼũ

Kameeldoring : cʼũ

Lister : cʼũ

References : Bleek 173, 211, 213, 220, 221, 232, 236; Dickens 279; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 28; Snyman 1997: 68.

RefLex number: 1663

Proto-Ju: *cxom ~ *txom (?)

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LM [k]

Meaning: to milk directly into mouth

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : cxòm

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): cxom

Kavango : txòḿ

Ekoka : txòḿ

Tsumkwe : cxom

Tsintsabis : txòm̀ḿ

Okongo : txòm̀ḿ

Mpunguvlei : txòm̀ḿ

North Omatako : cxòm

Lister : cxòm

Notes : Correspondences are irregular. Since the form *cxom with the same meaning is reconstructed for Proto-Khoe, it is likely that we are dealing here with independent borrowing into different dialects from one or more Khoe sources, which explains the ensuing variability of articulation.

References : Dickens 277; Heikkinen 1986; KH 70; Snyman 39; Snyman 1997: 68.

RefLex number: 1624

Proto-Ju: *čʔu

Meaning: man

Tsumkwe : čʔù ɳ!áng

Tsintsabis : čʔù ɳ!áng

Okongo : čʔù ɳ!áng

Leeunes : čʔù ɳ!áng

Kameeldoring : čʔù ɳ!àng

Lister : čʔù ɳ!áng

References : Snyman 1997: 72.

RefLex number: 3111

Proto-Ju: *ča

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ MM [k]

Meaning: to go and fetch

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : čá

Kavango : cá

References : Dickens 267; Heikkinen 1986.

RefLex number: 1457

Proto-Ju: *čã

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LM [k]

Meaning: gravy, sauce

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : čã̀ (n5 -si)

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): čãˤ

Kavango : cã̀ã́

Notes : Cf. also *š₁V̀^ŋ "fat" (some forms from that root may belong here).

References : Dickens 267; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 28.

RefLex number: 1460

Proto-Ju: *čaʔu

Tonal pattern: LH[j] ~ LH [k]

Meaning: to faint, lose consciousness

Juǀʼhoan : čàʔú

Kavango : càʔó

References : Dickens 268; Heikkinen 1986.

RefLex number: 1469

Proto-Ju: *čaˤ

Tonal pattern: XX [j] ~ XX [k] ~ XX [e]

Meaning: to pour, leak

Juǀʼhoan : čaˤ // (n5 -si) "bleeding (from a wound)"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): čaˤ

ǀǀAuǀǀen : čàˤ

!Kung (Lloyd) : čʰá ~ čʰaˤ ~ čʰaˤː ~ ša ~ šaː "to pour, fall (of rain)"

!Kung (Doke): šáä "to pour, dribble"

!Kung (Vedder): čʼàː

!O!Kung (Bleek) : čà:

!O!Kung (Snyman): čàˤ

Kavango : cȁˤ

Ekoka : čà-lā, čȁˤ-là

References : Bleek 177, 223; Dickens 267; Heikkinen 1986; KH 138; Snyman 17; Snyman 1980: 7.

RefLex number: 1462

Proto-Ju: *čaˤʔu

Tonal pattern: LH [j]

Meaning: Kalahari pod berry, Dialium engleranum

Juǀʼhoan : čàˤʔú (n3 -si)

Kavango : ca̋ˤu

References : Dickens 268; Heikkinen 1986.

RefLex number: 1466

Proto-Ju: *čãõˤ

Tonal pattern: XL [j]

Meaning: sandgrouse, Pterocles sp.

Juǀʼhoan : čã̏õ̀ˤ-čã̏õ̀ˤ (n2)

References : Dickens 267.

RefLex number: 1463

Proto-Ju: *čʼiŋ₃

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ HH [k] ~ HH [e] ~ HH [Sn.]

Meaning: to cry, sing, etc.

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : čʼĩ́ // čʼĩ́-ã́ "to cry for, complain about"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): čʼĩ

ǀǀAuǀǀen : cĩ́ ~ ciː ~ čĩ "to sing, cry, thunder"

!Kung (Lloyd) : čiŋ ~ tːʼčʰũ̀ ~ čũ̀

!Kung (Doke): čʼŋ̄

!Kung (Wilhelm): čiŋ ~ čina

!O!Kung (Bleek) : čiŋ "to bleat, cry"

!O!Kung (Snyman): čàŋ

Kavango : ʒʼa̋ŋ

Ekoka : ǯʼŋ́

Tsumkwe : čʼĩ́

Tsintsabis : čʼĩ́ ~ čʼiŋ

Okongo : cĩŋ

Leeunes : čʼĩ́

Mpunguvlei : čʼĩ́ŋ

Cuito : čʼĩ́ŋ

Cuando : čʼĩ́ŋ

South Omatako : cʼíŋ

North Omatako : čʼíŋ

Kameeldoring : čʼíŋ

Lister : cʼĩ̀

References : Bleek 118, 216, 228, 230, 231, 236; Dickens 272; Heikkinen 1986; KH 128; Snyman 27; Snyman 1980: 54; Snyman 1997: 71.

RefLex number: 1540

Proto-Ju: *čʼu

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LL [k] ~ LL [e]

Meaning: hut, house, building

Juǀʼhoan : čʼù (n5 -si) // čʼù-dĩ̏ (n5 -si) "floor"; čʼù-ɡ!ȍʰm (n5 -si) "outskirts of a village"; čʼù-ɳǀǀȍˤʔòbè (n3 -si) "window"; čʼù-cʼí (n5 -si) "door"; čʼù-ǀxʼáí (n5 -si) "foundation", etc.

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): čʼu

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ču

!Kung (Lloyd) : čʰu

!Kung (Vedder): ʒʼuː

!Kung (Wilhelm): ču

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ču

!O!Kung (Snyman): čʼù

Kavango : cʼù

Ekoka : čʼù

Tsumkwe : čʼù

Tsintsabis : čʼù

Okongo : čʼu

Leeunes : čʼù

Mpunguvlei : čʼù

Cuito : čʼù

Cuando : čʼù

South Omatako : čʼu

North Omatako : čʼu

Kameeldoring : čʼu

Lister : cʼù

Notes : Class 4.

References : Bleek 32, 236; Dickens 272; Heikkinen 1986; KH 139; Snyman 41; Snyman 1980: 7; Snyman 1997: 71.

RefLex number: 1542

Proto-Ju: *čʰi

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: arrow

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : čʰì (n5 -si) // čʰì-ɡǀàʔá (n5 -si) "arrow tip"; čʰì-cʼí (n5 -si) "wound caused by an arrow"; čʰì-ǀxʼáí (n5 -si) "groove of an arrow (which is fitted to the bow string when shooting)"; čʰì-!ʼã́ (n5 -si) "arrow shaft", etc.

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): čʰi

ǀǀAuǀǀen : či

!O!Kung (Bleek) : či

References : Bleek 229; Dickens 268; Snyman 3.

RefLex number: 1472

Proto-Ju: *čʰiN

Tonal pattern: XX [j] ~ XX [k] ~ XX [e] ~ VAR [Sn]

Meaning: to drink

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : čʰȉ // čʰì-sí (n5 -si) "drinking place, bar"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : čí

!Kung (Lloyd) : sʰiŋ ~ čʰiŋ

!Kung (Doke): šn_̄

!Kung (Vedder): čn

!O!Kung (Bleek) : čĩ́

!O!Kung (Snyman): šāŋ ~ čʰāŋ ~ cʰĩ̄ŋ

Kavango : cʰȁŋ (E) ~ ṣṣȁŋ ~ ṣʰȁŋ (W)

Ekoka : šŋ̏

Tsumkwe : čʰì

Tsintsabis : čʰàŋ

Okongo : čʰĩ̀ŋ

Leeunes : čʰĩ̀ŋ

Mpunguvlei : čʰàŋ

Cuito : čʰĩ̀ŋ

Cuando : čʰīŋ ~ čʰàŋ

South Omatako : šĩ̀ŋ

North Omatako : čʰì

Kameeldoring : šĩ̀ŋ

Lister : čʰì

References : Bleek 180, 228, 230; Dickens 268; Heikkinen 1986; Honken 1998:175; KH 128; Snyman 1980: 37; Snyman 1997: 72.

RefLex number: 1473

Proto-Ju: *čʰiŋ₃

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ HH [k]

Meaning: liver

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : čʰĩ́ (n5 -si) // čʰĩ́-zàˤʔú (n5) "hunger pang"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): čʰĩ

ǀǀAuǀǀen : či

Nogau : dsché ~ tē (Leb.)

!Kung (Lloyd) : čʰĭŋ

!Kung (Doke): šn_̄

!Kung (Vedder): čĩ̄

!Kung (Weich): šiŋ

!O!Kung (Bleek) : čĩ (B¹)

Kavango : sa̋ŋ

References : Bleek 32, 180, 196, 229, 230; Bleek 1929: 54; Dickens 268; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 27; Weich 5.

RefLex number: 1476

Proto-Ju: *čʰoa

Tonal pattern: LL

Meaning: to begin, start

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : čʰòà-čʰòà ~ šòà-šòà

Kavango : cʰoa-cʰoa (E.)

Tsumkwe : čʰòa-čʰòa

Tsintsabis : čʰòa-čʰòa

Okongo : čʰòa-čʰòa

Leeunes : čʰòa-čʰòa

South Omatako : šʰòa-šʰòa

North Omatako : šʰòa-šʰòa

Kameeldoring : čʰòa-čʰòa

Lister : čʰòa-čʰòa

References : Dickens 192, 268; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 1997: 73.

RefLex number: 83

Proto-Ju: *č(ʰ)ona

Tonal pattern: XL [j]

Meaning: loincloth, loinskin

Juǀʼhoan : šȍȁnà ~ čȍȁnȁ ~ čʰȍȁnà (n3 -si)

Tsumkwe : šōanà ~ čʰōanà ~ čõanà

Tsintsabis : šòaná ~ šòná ~ šõanà

Okongo : šòná ~ šõanà

Leeunes : šoànà ~ čʰoanà

Mpunguvlei : šòná ~ šõanà

Cuito : šòná

Cuando : šòná ~ čʰòná

South Omatako : šʰònà ~ šòná

North Omatako : šʰòanà ~ šoáná

Kameeldoring : šòná ~ čʰòná

Lister : čōanà ~ cõanà

Notes : Phonetic variation is most likely due to borrowing from an outside source; the fact that hushing consonants never make the transition to hissing ones in any of the dialects speaks in favour of recent borrowing.

References : Dickens 192, 268, 269; Snyman 1997: 71, 75.

RefLex number: 84

Proto-Ju: *či

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ HH [k] ~ HH [e]

Meaning: thing

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : čí (n5 -si) // čá "that which, what (rel. pron., historical shortening of *čí-á "thing which"); that (conj.)"; čí-ǀʼʰõ̏ã̀ (n5) "the truth", (adv) "truly"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : čí // ci-si ~ ci-siŋ "things (pl.)"

!Kung (Lloyd) : čʰi // cːi-sːiŋ "things (pl.)"

!Kung (Vedder): ʒíː

!Kung (Wilhelm): čiː

!O!Kung (Bleek) : či

Kavango : ci̋

Ekoka : čí

Notes : Class 4.

References : Bleek 31, 218, 229; Dickens 269; Heikkinen 1986; KH 139.

RefLex number: 1480

Proto-Ju: *čo

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: medicine

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : čò (n5 -si) // čò-xʼàò (n1 -si) "doctor, healer"; čò-čʼùà (n5 -si) "hospital, clinic"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): čo

!Kung (Wilhelm): čoː

Kavango : cò "practice magic"

References : Bleek 232; Dickens 269; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 41.

RefLex number: 1484