North Khoisan etymology : Query result

Proto-Ju: *dxoro

Tonal pattern: LH [j]

Meaning: to peel, remove beans from pod

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : dxòró

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): dxoro

Ekoka : txòbè "remove e.g. beans from pods" (?)

Tsumkwe : dxoro "thresh grain"

Mpunguvlei : txólá "thresh grain"

Cuito : txólá "thresh maize"

Cuando : txólá "thresh grain"

South Omatako : txólá "thresh grain"

North Omatako : dxàrè "thresh grain"

Kameeldoring : dxàrè "thresh grain"

Lister : dxòrò "thresh grain"

References : Dickens 199; KH 70; Snyman 39; Snyman 1997: 38.

RefLex number: 192

Proto-Ju: *dxu

Tonal pattern: LH [j]

Meaning: vulture

Juǀʼhoan : dxùú (n2)

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): dxu

!Kung (Wilhelm): toː

!O!Kung (Snyman): txó

References : Bleek 106; Dickens 199; Snyman 39; Snyman 1980: 3.

RefLex number: 194

Proto-Ju: *e

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LL [e]

Meaning: we (excl.)

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : è ~ è-!á (pl.) // è-cá (du.)

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): e ~ e-!a

ǀǀAuǀǀen : e (m. e-!ka, f. e-he)

!Kung (Lloyd) : e ~ i

!O!Kung (Bleek) : e ~ ehŋ

!O!Kung (Snyman): e

Ekoka : è

References : Bleek 36, 37, 67; Dickens 177; KH 129; Snyman 86; Snyman 1980: 54.

RefLex number: 197

Proto-Ju: *e

Tonal pattern: LH [j]

Meaning: yes

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : èé

References : Dickens 199.

RefLex number: 198

Proto-Ju: *e

Meaning: to be

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

ǀǀAuǀǀen : e

!Kung (Lloyd) : e

!O!Kung (Bleek) : e

References : Bleek 35-36.

RefLex number: 3065

Proto-Ju: *ga

Tonal pattern: HH [j]

Meaning: it, one

Juǀʼhoan : gá // gá-sì "ones (pl.)"

!Kung (Lloyd) : gá

!Kung (Vedder): gà

References : Bleek 41; Dickens 200.

RefLex number: 201

Proto-Ju: *gaʔm

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: to hide

Juǀʼhoan : gàʔm

!Kung (Lloyd) : kam

!Kung (Wilhelm): gama

Leeunes : gʰām̄ḿ

Mpunguvlei : gʰām̄m̀

Cuito : gʰām̄m̀

Cuando : gʰām̄m̀

References : Bleek 43, 78; Dickens 201; Snyman 1997: 41.

RefLex number: 213

Proto-Ju: *gabu

Tonal pattern: HH [e]

Meaning: pregnancy

Ekoka : gábú

Notes : Class 4. Only in Ekoka.

References : KH 129.

RefLex number: 3166

Proto-Ju: *gaˤʔana

Tonal pattern: XL [j]

Meaning: spit, saliva

Juǀʼhoan : cʼí=gȁˤʔànà "to spit, expectorate" // (n5 -si) "spit, saliva"

Notes : Cf. also Kavango gáˤiya 'spit', probably related but with unclear morphological differentiation.

References : Dickens 279.

RefLex number: 1659

Proto-Ju: *gaˤʔu

Tonal pattern: LH [j]

Meaning: to be clean

Juǀʼhoan : gàˤʔú

ǀǀAuǀǀen : gaˤu "new" // gaˤgaˤu "to make new, clean"

References : Bleek 42, 45; Dickens 200.

RefLex number: 209

Proto-Ju: *gaˤe

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ XX [k]

Meaning: to name, call

Juǀʼhoan : gàˤè "to name, christen; to begin, start"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): gaˤe

!Kung (Weich): gai-a

Kavango : gȁˤe

References : Dickens 200; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 22; Weich 15.

RefLex number: 207

Proto-Ju: *gaˤm

Tonal pattern: XX [j] ~ XX [k]

Meaning: to wake someone up

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : gȁˤm // gȁˤm-gȁˤm "to shake someone awake"

Kavango : gȁˤm

References : Dickens 200; Heikkinen 1986.

RefLex number: 208

Proto-Ju: *gane

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ XX [k]

Meaning: to roll

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : gànì

!Kung (Lloyd) : gaˤnne ~ gáˤnni // gaŋgáni "to roll down"

!Kung (Doke): gaːni

!Kung (Vedder): gànì

!Kung (Weich): gale

!O!Kung (Bleek) : gàle

!O!Kung (Snyman): gàrè ú

Kavango : gȁnȉ

Tsumkwe : gànì

Tsintsabis : gànì

Okongo : gànì

Leeunes : gāni

Mpunguvlei : gàrè ~ gàlè

Cuito : gàlè

Cuando : gàrè ~ gàlè ~ gèlè

South Omatako : gànì

North Omatako : gànì

Kameeldoring : gànì

Lister : gànì

References : Bleek 43; Dickens 200; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 1980: 48; Snyman 1997: 42; Weich 15.

RefLex number: 206

Proto-Ju: *garo

Tonal pattern: HH [j]

Meaning: to lie in a curled up position

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : gáró

Kavango : gȁró "stretch" (?)

Lister : gàrò "to press into a ball"

References : Dickens 200; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 1997: 60.

RefLex number: 210

Proto-Ju: *ge

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LL [k]

Meaning: to stay, remain, be (in a place)

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : gè // gè-sí (n5 -si) "place where one stays, residence"; gè-sĩ́ "the remaining, the other, the rest of"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ge

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ge ~ ga

!Kung (Lloyd) : gé ~ géya

!Kung (Doke): gè

!Kung (Vedder): ge

!Kung (Weich): ge

!O!Kung (Bleek) : gɛ̀

Kavango : gè

Tsumkwe : gè

Tsintsabis : gè

Okongo : gè

Leeunes : gē

Mpunguvlei : gē

Cuito : gē

Cuando : gē

South Omatako : gè

North Omatako : gè

Kameeldoring : gè

Lister : gè

Notes : For the latter cf. also Kav. gèha̋ŋ 'others', Ekoka gȅhŋ́ 'some'.

References : Bleek 40, 45; Dickens 200; Heikkinen 1986; KH 129; Snyman 16; Snyman 1997: 42; Weich 15.

RefLex number: 214

Proto-Ju: *geʔe

Tonal pattern: LH [j] ~ LM [k] ~ LL [e] ~ LH [Sn.]

Meaning: to sing

Juǀʼhoan : gèʔé

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): geʔe

ǀǀAuǀǀen : gɛ́ː

!Kung (Lloyd) : gé ~ gĕ̀ ~ gĕë̄

!Kung (Doke): gǝʔé

!Kung (Weich): geʔe

!O!Kung (Bleek) : gḗe ~ géja

!O!Kung (Snyman): gèʔé

Kavango : gèʔé

Ekoka : gèʔè

Tsumkwe : gèʔé

Tsintsabis : gèʔé

Okongo : gèʔé

Leeunes : gèʔé

Mpunguvlei : gèʔé

Cuito : gèʔé

Cuando : gèʔé

South Omatako : gèʔé

North Omatako : gèʔé

Kameeldoring : gèʔé

Lister : gèʔé

References : Bleek 45; Dickens 200; Heikkinen 1986; KH 129; Snyman 25; Snyman 1980: 49; Snyman 1997: 42; Weich 16.

RefLex number: 215

Proto-Ju: *ʼɳǀe

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ MM [k] ~ MM [e]

Meaning: head

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɳǀáí (n5 -si) "head, intelligence, ball (of a club), fruit (especially when newly formed), bulb, corn" // ɳǀáí-ɳǀà-ɳǀànà (n5 -si) "comb (of a bird)"; ɳǀáí-!ã́ṹ (n5 -si) "headache", etc.

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɳǀe ~ ɳǀi, pl. ɳǀesi

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɳǀé, pl. ɳǀe-ɳǀé ~ ɳǀe-ssiŋ

!Kung (Doke): ɳǀeː ~ ɳǀai

!Kung (Vedder): ɳǀeː

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ɳǀé, pl. ɳǀēsiŋ

Kavango : ʔɳǀé (W) ~ ɳǀé (E)

Ekoka : ɳǀē

Tsumkwe : ɳǀái

Tsintsabis : ɳǀàe

Okongo : ɳǀè

Leeunes : ɳǀè ~ ɳǀái

Mpunguvlei : ɳǀe

Cuito : ɳǀe

Cuando : ɳǀe

South Omatako : ɳǀè

North Omatako : ɳǀái

Kameeldoring : ɳǀè

Lister : ɳǀái

Notes : Class 4.

References : Bleek 343, 346, 347; Dickens 238; Heikkinen 1986; KH 135; Snyman 1997: 57.

RefLex number: 935

Proto-Ju: *ʼɳǀu

Tonal pattern: XL [j]

Meaning: dish

Juǀʼhoan : ɳǀȕù (n5 -si) "dish, plate; boat, ship"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɳǀuː "wooden bowl" // ɳǀú "gourd on musical bow"

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɳǀú "wooden dish, boat"

!Kung (Doke): ɳǀuː "wooden eating bowl"

!Kung (Vedder): ɳǀuː "dish"

!Kung (Wilhelm): ɳǀuː "dish, plate"

Kavango : ʔɳǀùű (W) ~ ɳǀùű (E)

Various addenda: Passarge (ǀǀAuǀǀen): $nu "dish".

References : Bleek 351, 689; Dickens 241; Heikkinen 1986.

RefLex number: 1011

Proto-Ju: *gʰara

Tonal pattern: MM [k] ~ MM [e]

Meaning: to spit out

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Kavango : ghárá

Ekoka : ghā-lā

References : Heikkinen 1986; KH 129.

RefLex number: 3167

Proto-Ju: *g(ʰ)o

Tonal pattern: XL [j] ~ XM [k]

Meaning: a k. of grass

Juǀʼhoan : gȍòʰ (n3 -si) "grass sp., Tristachya superba"

!Kung (Lloyd) : góɔ̀ ~ gò "a very tall grass, prob. tambuki grass"

!O!Kung (Snyman): gōò "grass stem (used to sip water)"

Kavango : gȍó "grass species"

Okongo : gʰòò "hollow grass"

Mpunguvlei : gòʔó "hollow grass"

Cuito : gòʔó "hollow grass"

Cuando : gʰòó "hollow grass"

Notes : The root is obviously not just simple *go, as is jointly evidenced by the extra low tone and breathiness in Juǀhoan, the initial aspiration in Cuando and the glottal stop in Mpunguvlei/Cuito; however, it is not quite clear which combination of extra features is to be reconstructed (*gho?, *ghoʔo?).

References : Bleek 49; Dickens 201; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 39; Snyman 1997: 77.

RefLex number: 235