North Khoisan etymology : Query result

Proto-Ju: *ɡǂʰo-e ~ *ɡǂʰo-ĩ

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ MM [k] ~ MM [e]

Meaning: dog

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǂʰṹĩ́ ~ ɡǂʰóá // ɡǂʰṹĩ́-ɡ!ã̀ũ̀-ɡ!ánú (n3 -si) "rainbow"; ɡǂʰṹĩ́-mà, pl. ɡǂʰúí-mʰí "puppy"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡǂʼʰwĩ ~ ɡǂʼʰwa

ǀǀAuǀǀen : !ɔ

!Kung (Lloyd) : ǂwé ~ ǂʰwé

!Kung (Doke): ǂʼʰwiː ~ ŋǂʼʰwiː

!Kung (Vedder): ɡǂɔ́e

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ǂwé

Kavango : ɡǂʰóe

Ekoka : ɡ!̯ʰōē

Tsumkwe : ɡǂʰòa

Tsintsabis : ǂʰóe

Okongo : ǂʰóe

Leeunes : ɡǂʰòe

Mpunguvlei : ǂʰóe ~ ǂʰólé

Cuito : !ʰólé ~ ǂʰólé

Cuando : !ʰólé ~ ǀǀʰólé ~ ǂʰólé

South Omatako : ɡǂʰòe

North Omatako : ɡǂʰũi

Kameeldoring : ɡǂʰòe

Lister : ɡǂʰòa

Notes : Class 1. The two forms - *ɡǂhoĩ and *ɡǂhoe - probably reflect two old stems of the same root. Note that the morphological structure of *ɡǂho-ĩ = Proto-!Wi *ǂkhɔ-in.

References : Bleek 151, 436, 648, 652, 662, 666; Dickens 207; Heikkinen 1986; KH 131; Snyman 3, 53; Snyman 1997: 46.

RefLex number: 354

Proto-Ju: *ɡǂʰu

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ HH [k]

Meaning: to wipe clean or dry

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǂʰú

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡǂʼʰu

!Kung (Lloyd) : ǂʰu

!Kung (Doke): ŋǂʼʰuː

!O!Kung (Snyman): ǂʰù

Kavango : ɡǂʰű

Tsumkwe : ɡǂʰú

Tsintsabis : ǂʰú

Okongo : ǂʰú

Leeunes : ǂʰú

Mpunguvlei : ǂʰú

Cuito : ǂʰú

Cuando : ǂʰú

South Omatako : ɡǂʰú

North Omatako : ɡǂʰú

Kameeldoring : ɡǂʰú

Lister : ɡǂʰú

References : Bleek 151, 661; Dickens 207; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 53; Snyman 1980: 14; Snyman 1997: 46.

RefLex number: 356

Proto-Ju: *ɡǂʰui

Tonal pattern: HH [j]

Meaning: rotten or unhatched egg

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǂʰúí

Tsumkwe : ɡǂʰúi

Tsintsabis : ǂʼʰúi

Okongo : ǂʼʰúi

Leeunes : ǂʼʰúi

Mpunguvlei : ǂʼúi

Cuito : ǂʼúi

Cuando : ǂʼúi

South Omatako : ɡǂʰúi

North Omatako : ɡǂʰúi

Kameeldoring : ɡǂʰúi

Lister : ɡǂʰúi

References : Dickens 207; Snyman 1997: 46.

RefLex number: 357

Proto-Ju: *ɡǂʰ₁ai

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: smooth, slippery

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǂʰàì // ɡǂʰàì šòà-šòà ~ ɡǂʰàì čʰòà-čʰòà "to slip, slide"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡǂʼʰei

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡǂi-ɡǂì-ya "smooth"

!O!Kung (Snyman): ǂʰài-ǂʰài-yá

Tsumkwe : ɡǂʰài

Tsintsabis : ǂʰài-ǂʰài-yá

Okongo : ǂʰāi-ǂʰài-yà

Leeunes : ǂʰāi-ǂʰài-yà

Mpunguvlei : ǂʰài-ǂʰài-yá

Cuito : ǂʰāi-ǂʰài-yà

Cuando : ǂʰāi-ǂài-yà

South Omatako : ǂʰài-ǂʰài-yá

North Omatako : ɡǂʼʰài

Kameeldoring : ɡǂʰàiɡǂʰài-yá

Lister : ɡǂʰài

References : Bleek 647; Dickens 206; Snyman 53; Snyman 1980: 50; Snyman 1997: 46.

RefLex number: 351

Proto-Ju: *ɡǂhaba

Tonal pattern: LL [k] ~ LL [e]

Meaning: wing

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

!Kung (Weich): ɡǂava

Kavango : ɡǂhàbà

Ekoka : ɡ!̯hàbà

Notes : Class 4. Cf. *ɳ!̯abu id. - although the two roots are clearly different, some contaminations between the two may have been possible. Both also have reliable external parallels.

References : Heikkinen 1986; KH 131; Weich 19.

RefLex number: 3178

Proto-Ju: *ɡǂhãĩ (?)

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ HH [k]

Meaning: to wipe the mouth with the back of one's hand

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǂʰã̀ĩ̀

Kavango : ɡǂʰĩ̋

Tsumkwe : ɡǂʰàí

Okongo : ǂʼʰã̀ĩ

Leeunes : ǂʼʰã̀ĩ

Mpunguvlei : ǂʰãĩ́

Cuito : !̄ʼʰãi

Cuando : !ʼʰã̀ĩ́

North Omatako : ɡǂʰã̀ĩ́

Kameeldoring : ɡǂʰĩ́

Notes : Correspondences are highly irregular.

References : Dickens 207; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 1997: 47.

RefLex number: 352

Proto-Ju: *ɡǂoʔore

Tonal pattern: LH [j]

Meaning: buffy pipit, Anthus vaalensis

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǂòʔóré (n2 -si) // ɡǂòʔóré-!ó (n5 -si) "testicle"; ɡǂòʔóré-!ó-ɳǀóá (n5 -si) "scrotum"

References : Dickens 208.

RefLex number: 389

Proto-Ju: *ɡǂoa

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ HH [k]

Meaning: combretum, Combretum mechowianum

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǂóá

Kavango : ɡǂṍã́ "Zulu bush-willow tree"

References : Dickens 207; Heikkinen 1986.

RefLex number: 374

Proto-Ju: *ɡǂobo ~ *ɡǂobe

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ HH [k]

Meaning: to clot, congeal (of blood); be blocked (of one's nose or a pipe); speak with a blocked nose

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǂóbó

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡǂobo

Kavango : ɡǂóbé "stop flowing (of blood)"

References : Dickens 208; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 51.

RefLex number: 378

Proto-Ju: *ɡǂom

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LL [k] ~ LL [e]

Meaning: silent

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǂòm

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡǂom

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡǂuḿm

!O!Kung (Snyman): ɡǂóm

Kavango : ɡǂòm

Ekoka : ɡǂòm

References : Bleek 649; Dickens 208; Heikkinen 1986; KH 131; Snyman 18; Snyman 1980: 9.

RefLex number: 379

Proto-Ju: *ɡǂu

Tonal pattern: HH [k] ~ HH [e]

Meaning: skin-bag

Kavango : ɡǂű

Ekoka : ɡ!̯ú

Notes : Class 1.

References : Heikkinen 1986; KH 131.

RefLex number: 3179

Proto-Ju: *ɡǂuʔu

Tonal pattern: LH [j] ~ LH [e]

Meaning: millet

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǂùʔú (n4) // ɡǂùʔú-ɡ!xòà (n5 -si) "node (on a stalk of millet)"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡǂuʔu

!O!Kung (Snyman): ɡǂùʔú

Kavango : ɡǂùʔű "edible seeds; corn"

References : Dickens 208; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 26; Snyman 1980: 44.

RefLex number: 398

Proto-Ju: *ɡǂu[-ha]

Tonal pattern: XX [j]

Meaning: tick

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǂȕȕhà (n2 -si)

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡǂʰoowa

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡǂo

!Kung (Doke): ɡǂo

!Kung (Weich): ɡǂu

References : Bleek 647; Dickens 208; Snyman 20; Weich 20.

RefLex number: 395

Proto-Ju: *ɡǂui

Tonal pattern: HH [j]

Meaning: springhare hooking pole (i.e., a long jointed pole with a hook on the end which is used to hook springhares out of their burrows)

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǂúí (n4 -si)

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡǂwi

!Kung (Weich): ɡǂui

!O!Kung (Snyman): ɡǂũ̀í

References : Dickens 208; Snyman 51; Snyman 1980: 9; Weich 20.

RefLex number: 391

Proto-Ju: *ɡǂxaba

Tonal pattern: LH [j]

Meaning: to trip, stumble over

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǂxàbá

Tsumkwe : ɡǂxàbá

Tsintsabis : ɡǂxàɡǂxàbá

Okongo : ɡǂxàɡǂxàbá

Leeunes : ɡ!àɡ!àbá

Mpunguvlei : ǀǀāǀǀābà

Cuito : ǀǀāǀǀābà

Cuando : ǀǀāǀǀābà

South Omatako : ɡ!àɡ!àbá

North Omatako : ɡ!àɡ!àbá

Kameeldoring : ɡ!àɡ!àbá

Lister : ɡǂxàbá

Notes : Very irregular click correspondences. Possibility of several roots or contamination.

References : Dickens 208; Snyman 1997: 40.

RefLex number: 399

Proto-Ju: *ɡǂxai

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ HH [k] ~ HH [e]

Meaning: scorpion

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǂxàì

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ǂxai

!Kung (Lloyd) : ǂxí ~ ɳǂxí

Kavango : ɡǂxã̋ĩ̋

Ekoka : ɡ!̯xã́ĩ́

Tsumkwe : ɡǂxàí

Tsintsabis : ɡǂxài

Okongo : ǂxã́i

Leeunes : ɡǂxài

Mpunguvlei : ǂxái ~ ǂxã́ĩ́

Cuito : ǂxái

Cuando : ǂxái

North Omatako : ɡǂxàí

Kameeldoring : ɡǂxàí

Lister : ɡǂxàí

Notes : The Northern varieties are characterized with extra nasalization (*ɡǂxãĩ) in addition to different tonal features.

References : Bleek 678, 680; Dickens 208; Heikkinen 1986; KH 131; Snyman 1997: 47.

RefLex number: 401

Proto-Ju: *ɡǂxʼa

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: to be late, delay

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǂxʼà

Tsumkwe : ɡǂxʼà

Tsintsabis : ɡǂxʼàa

Okongo : ǂxʼàà

Leeunes : ǂxʼà

Mpunguvlei : ǂxʼà

Cuito : ǂxʼà

Cuando : ǂxʼà

South Omatako : ɡǂxʼà

North Omatako : ɡǂxʼà

Kameeldoring : ǂxʼà

References : Dickens 207; Snyman 1997: 47.

RefLex number: 358

Proto-Ju: *ɡǂxʼa

Tonal pattern: LH [j] ~ MM [e] ~ MM [k]

Meaning: mud, clay

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǂxʼàá (n3) // ɡǂxʼàá-xʼò (n5 -si) "clay pot"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡǂxʼa

!Kung (Lloyd) : ǂa ~ ɳǂá

!O!Kung (Snyman): ɡǂxʼàa

Kavango : ɡǂxʼá

Ekoka : ɡ!̯xʼā

Tsumkwe : ɡǂxʼàá

Tsintsabis : ɡǂxʼáá

Okongo : ǂxʼáá

Leeunes : ɡǂxʼá

Mpunguvlei : ǂxʼàa

Cuito : ǂxʼáa

Cuando : ǂxʼáa ~ ǂxʼà

South Omatako : ɡǂxʼàa

North Omatako : ɡǂxʼàá

Kameeldoring : ɡǂxʼàá

Lister : ɡǂxʼàá

Notes : Class 4.

References : Bleek 654; Dickens 207; Snyman 52; Snyman 1980: 9; Snyman 1997: 48.

RefLex number: 359

Proto-Ju: *ɡǂxʼã-

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LL [k]

Meaning: to spark, give off sparks

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǂxʼã̀ĩ̀ // ɡǂxʼã̀ĩ̀ ǀʼú "to force (e. g. something into a hole)"

Kavango : ɡǂxʼã̀ũ̀

References : Dickens 207; Heikkinen 1986.

RefLex number: 361

Proto-Ju: *ɡǂxʼu

Tonal pattern: HH [j]

Meaning: hairy pubic area

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǂxʼú (n5 -si)

References : Dickens 207.

RefLex number: 370