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North Khoisan etymology : Search within this database Total of 3197 records 160 pages
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Proto-Ju: *dxoro
Tonal pattern: LH [j]
Meaning: to peel, remove beans from pod
Juǀʼhoan : dxòró
Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): dxoro
Ekoka : txòbè "remove e.g. beans from pods" (?)
Tsumkwe : dxoro "thresh grain"
Mpunguvlei : txólá "thresh grain"
Cuito : txólá "thresh maize"
Cuando : txólá "thresh grain"
South Omatako : txólá "thresh grain"
North Omatako : dxàrè "thresh grain"
Kameeldoring : dxàrè "thresh grain"
Lister : dxòrò "thresh grain"
RefLex number: 192
Proto-Ju: *dxu
Tonal pattern: LH [j]
Meaning: vulture
Juǀʼhoan : dxùú (n2 )
Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): dxu
!Kung (Wilhelm): toː
!O!Kung (Snyman): txó
RefLex number: 194
Proto-Ju: *e
Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LL [e]
Meaning: we (excl.)
Juǀʼhoan : è ~ è-!á (pl. ) // è-cá (du. )
Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): e ~ e-!a
ǀǀAuǀǀen : e (m. e-!ka, f. e-he)
!Kung (Lloyd) : e ~ i
!O!Kung (Bleek) : e ~ ehŋ
!O!Kung (Snyman): e
Ekoka : è
RefLex number: 197
Proto-Ju: *e
Tonal pattern: LH [j]
Meaning: yes
Juǀʼhoan : èé
RefLex number: 198
Proto-Ju: *e
Meaning: to be
ǀǀAuǀǀen : e
!Kung (Lloyd) : e
!O!Kung (Bleek) : e
References : Bleek 35-36.RefLex number: 3065
Proto-Ju: *ga
Tonal pattern: HH [j]
Meaning: it, one
Juǀʼhoan : gá // gá-sì "ones (pl.)"
!Kung (Lloyd) : gá
!Kung (Vedder): gà
RefLex number: 201
Proto-Ju: *gaʔm
Tonal pattern: LL [j]
Meaning: to hide
Juǀʼhoan : gàʔm
!Kung (Lloyd) : kam
!Kung (Wilhelm): gama
Leeunes : gʰām̄ḿ
Mpunguvlei : gʰām̄m̀
Cuito : gʰām̄m̀
Cuando : gʰām̄m̀
RefLex number: 213
Proto-Ju: *gabu
Tonal pattern: HH [e]
Meaning: pregnancy
Ekoka : gábú
Notes : Class 4. Only in Ekoka.
RefLex number: 3166
Proto-Ju: *gaˤʔana
Tonal pattern: XL [j]
Meaning: spit, saliva
Juǀʼhoan : cʼí=gȁˤʔànà "to spit, expectorate" // (n5 -si ) "spit, saliva"
Notes : Cf. also Kavango gáˤiya 'spit', probably related but with unclear morphological differentiation.
RefLex number: 1659
Proto-Ju: *gaˤʔu
Tonal pattern: LH [j]
Meaning: to be clean
Juǀʼhoan : gàˤʔú
ǀǀAuǀǀen : gaˤu "new" // gaˤgaˤu "to make new, clean"
RefLex number: 209
Proto-Ju: *gaˤe
Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ XX [k]
Meaning: to name, call
Juǀʼhoan : gàˤè "to name, christen; to begin, start"
Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): gaˤe
!Kung (Weich): gai-a
Kavango : gȁˤe
RefLex number: 207
Proto-Ju: *gaˤm
Tonal pattern: XX [j] ~ XX [k]
Meaning: to wake someone up
Juǀʼhoan : gȁˤm // gȁˤm-gȁˤm "to shake someone awake"
Kavango : gȁˤm
RefLex number: 208
Proto-Ju: *gane
Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ XX [k]
Meaning: to roll
Juǀʼhoan : gànì
!Kung (Lloyd) : gaˤnne ~ gáˤnni // gaŋgáni "to roll down"
!Kung (Doke): gaːni
!Kung (Vedder): gànì
!Kung (Weich): gale
!O!Kung (Bleek) : gàle
!O!Kung (Snyman): gàrè ú
Kavango : gȁnȉ
Tsumkwe : gànì
Tsintsabis : gànì
Okongo : gànì
Leeunes : gāni
Mpunguvlei : gàrè ~ gàlè
Cuito : gàlè
Cuando : gàrè ~ gàlè ~ gèlè
South Omatako : gànì
North Omatako : gànì
Kameeldoring : gànì
Lister : gànì
RefLex number: 206
Proto-Ju: *garo
Tonal pattern: HH [j]
Meaning: to lie in a curled up position
Juǀʼhoan : gáró
Kavango : gȁró "stretch" (?)
Lister : gàrò "to press into a ball"
RefLex number: 210
Proto-Ju: *ge
Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LL [k]
Meaning: to stay, remain, be (in a place)
Juǀʼhoan : gè // gè-sí (n5 -si ) "place where one stays, residence"; gè-sĩ́ "the remaining, the other, the rest of"
Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ge
ǀǀAuǀǀen : ge ~ ga
!Kung (Lloyd) : gé ~ géya
!Kung (Doke): gè
!Kung (Vedder): ge
!Kung (Weich): ge
!O!Kung (Bleek) : gɛ̀
Kavango : gè
Tsumkwe : gè
Tsintsabis : gè
Okongo : gè
Leeunes : gē
Mpunguvlei : gē
Cuito : gē
Cuando : gē
South Omatako : gè
North Omatako : gè
Kameeldoring : gè
Lister : gè
Notes : For the latter cf. also Kav. gèha̋ŋ 'others', Ekoka gȅhŋ́ 'some'.
RefLex number: 214
Proto-Ju: *geʔe
Tonal pattern: LH [j] ~ LM [k] ~ LL [e] ~ LH [Sn.]
Meaning: to sing
Juǀʼhoan : gèʔé
Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): geʔe
ǀǀAuǀǀen : gɛ́ː
!Kung (Lloyd) : gé ~ gĕ̀ ~ gĕë̄
!Kung (Doke): gǝʔé
!Kung (Weich): geʔe
!O!Kung (Bleek) : gḗe ~ géja
!O!Kung (Snyman): gèʔé
Kavango : gèʔé
Ekoka : gèʔè
Tsumkwe : gèʔé
Tsintsabis : gèʔé
Okongo : gèʔé
Leeunes : gèʔé
Mpunguvlei : gèʔé
Cuito : gèʔé
Cuando : gèʔé
South Omatako : gèʔé
North Omatako : gèʔé
Kameeldoring : gèʔé
Lister : gèʔé
RefLex number: 215
Proto-Ju: *ʼɳǀe
Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ MM [k] ~ MM [e]
Meaning: head
Juǀʼhoan : ɳǀáí (n5 -si ) "head, intelligence, ball (of a club), fruit (especially when newly formed), bulb, corn" // ɳǀáí-ɳǀà-ɳǀànà (n5 -si ) "comb (of a bird)"; ɳǀáí-!ã́ṹ (n5 -si ) "headache", etc.
ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɳǀe ~ ɳǀi, pl. ɳǀesi
!Kung (Lloyd) : ɳǀé, pl. ɳǀe-ɳǀé ~ ɳǀe-ssiŋ
!Kung (Doke): ɳǀeː ~ ɳǀai
!Kung (Vedder): ɳǀeː
!O!Kung (Bleek) : ɳǀé, pl. ɳǀēsiŋ
Kavango : ʔɳǀé (W) ~ ɳǀé (E)
Ekoka : ɳǀē
Tsumkwe : ɳǀái
Tsintsabis : ɳǀàe
Okongo : ɳǀè
Leeunes : ɳǀè ~ ɳǀái
Mpunguvlei : ɳǀe
Cuito : ɳǀe
Cuando : ɳǀe
South Omatako : ɳǀè
North Omatako : ɳǀái
Kameeldoring : ɳǀè
Lister : ɳǀái
Notes : Class 4.
RefLex number: 935
Proto-Ju: *ʼɳǀu
Tonal pattern: XL [j]
Meaning: dish
Juǀʼhoan : ɳǀȕù (n5 -si ) "dish, plate; boat, ship"
ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɳǀuː "wooden bowl" // ɳǀú "gourd on musical bow"
!Kung (Lloyd) : ɳǀú "wooden dish, boat"
!Kung (Doke): ɳǀuː "wooden eating bowl"
!Kung (Vedder): ɳǀuː "dish"
!Kung (Wilhelm): ɳǀuː "dish, plate"
Kavango : ʔɳǀùű (W) ~ ɳǀùű (E)
Various addenda: Passarge (ǀǀAuǀǀen): $nu "dish".
RefLex number: 1011
Proto-Ju: *gʰara
Tonal pattern: MM [k] ~ MM [e]
Meaning: to spit out
Kavango : ghárá
Ekoka : ghā-lā
RefLex number: 3167
Proto-Ju: *g(ʰ)o
Tonal pattern: XL [j] ~ XM [k]
Meaning: a k. of grass
Juǀʼhoan : gȍòʰ (n3 -si ) "grass sp., Tristachya superba"
!Kung (Lloyd) : góɔ̀ ~ gò "a very tall grass, prob. tambuki grass"
!O!Kung (Snyman): gōò "grass stem (used to sip water)"
Kavango : gȍó "grass species"
Okongo : gʰòò "hollow grass"
Mpunguvlei : gòʔó "hollow grass"
Cuito : gòʔó "hollow grass"
Cuando : gʰòó "hollow grass"
Notes : The root is obviously not just simple *go , as is jointly evidenced by the extra low tone and breathiness in Juǀhoan, the initial aspiration in Cuando and the glottal stop in Mpunguvlei/Cuito; however, it is not quite clear which combination of extra features is to be reconstructed (*gho ?, *ghoʔo ?).
RefLex number: 235
nkhet-tonal,nkhet-meaning,nkhet-prnum,nkhet-juh,nkhet-juh_sn,nkhet-ekk,nkhet-tsu,nkhet-mpu,nkhet-cui,nkhet-cua,nkhet-oms,nkhet-omn,nkhet-kam,nkhet-lis,nkhet-refer,nkhet-reflex,nkhet-tonal,nkhet-meaning,nkhet-juh,nkhet-juh_sn,nkhet-wlh,nkhet-osn,nkhet-refer,nkhet-reflex,nkhet-tonal,nkhet-meaning,nkhet-prnum,nkhet-juh,nkhet-juh_sn,nkhet-aue,nkhet-kng,nkhet-okn,nkhet-osn,nkhet-ekk,nkhet-refer,nkhet-reflex,nkhet-tonal,nkhet-meaning,nkhet-prnum,nkhet-juh,nkhet-refer,nkhet-reflex,nkhet-meaning,nkhet-prnum,nkhet-aue,nkhet-kng,nkhet-okn,nkhet-refer,nkhet-reflex,nkhet-tonal,nkhet-meaning,nkhet-juh,nkhet-kng,nkhet-vdd,nkhet-refer,nkhet-reflex,nkhet-tonal,nkhet-meaning,nkhet-juh,nkhet-kng,nkhet-wlh,nkhet-lee,nkhet-mpu,nkhet-cui,nkhet-cua,nkhet-refer,nkhet-reflex,nkhet-tonal,nkhet-meaning,nkhet-ekk,nkhet-notes,nkhet-refer,nkhet-reflex,nkhet-tonal,nkhet-meaning,nkhet-juh,nkhet-notes,nkhet-refer,nkhet-reflex,nkhet-tonal,nkhet-meaning,nkhet-juh,nkhet-aue,nkhet-refer,nkhet-reflex,nkhet-tonal,nkhet-meaning,nkhet-juh,nkhet-juh_sn,nkhet-wei,nkhet-kvn,nkhet-refer,nkhet-reflex,nkhet-tonal,nkhet-meaning,nkhet-prnum,nkhet-juh,nkhet-kvn,nkhet-refer,nkhet-reflex,nkhet-tonal,nkhet-meaning,nkhet-prnum,nkhet-juh,nkhet-kng,nkhet-dkk,nkhet-vdd,nkhet-wei,nkhet-okn,nkhet-osn,nkhet-kvn,nkhet-tsu,nkhet-tsi,nkhet-oko,nkhet-lee,nkhet-mpu,nkhet-cui,nkhet-cua,nkhet-oms,nkhet-omn,nkhet-kam,nkhet-lis,nkhet-refer,nkhet-reflex,nkhet-tonal,nkhet-meaning,nkhet-prnum,nkhet-juh,nkhet-kvn,nkhet-lis,nkhet-refer,nkhet-reflex,nkhet-tonal,nkhet-meaning,nkhet-prnum,nkhet-juh,nkhet-juh_sn,nkhet-aue,nkhet-kng,nkhet-dkk,nkhet-vdd,nkhet-wei,nkhet-okn,nkhet-kvn,nkhet-tsu,nkhet-tsi,nkhet-oko,nkhet-lee,nkhet-mpu,nkhet-cui,nkhet-cua,nkhet-oms,nkhet-omn,nkhet-kam,nkhet-lis,nkhet-notes,nkhet-refer,nkhet-reflex,nkhet-tonal,nkhet-meaning,nkhet-juh,nkhet-juh_sn,nkhet-aue,nkhet-kng,nkhet-dkk,nkhet-wei,nkhet-okn,nkhet-osn,nkhet-kvn,nkhet-ekk,nkhet-tsu,nkhet-tsi,nkhet-oko,nkhet-lee,nkhet-mpu,nkhet-cui,nkhet-cua,nkhet-oms,nkhet-omn,nkhet-kam,nkhet-lis,nkhet-refer,nkhet-reflex,nkhet-tonal,nkhet-meaning,nkhet-prnum,nkhet-juh,nkhet-aue,nkhet-kng,nkhet-dkk,nkhet-vdd,nkhet-okn,nkhet-kvn,nkhet-ekk,nkhet-tsu,nkhet-tsi,nkhet-oko,nkhet-lee,nkhet-mpu,nkhet-cui,nkhet-cua,nkhet-oms,nkhet-omn,nkhet-kam,nkhet-lis,nkhet-notes,nkhet-refer,nkhet-reflex,nkhet-tonal,nkhet-meaning,nkhet-juh,nkhet-aue,nkhet-kng,nkhet-dkk,nkhet-vdd,nkhet-wlh,nkhet-kvn,nkhet-varia,nkhet-refer,nkhet-reflex,nkhet-tonal,nkhet-meaning,nkhet-prnum,nkhet-kvn,nkhet-ekk,nkhet-refer,nkhet-reflex,nkhet-tonal,nkhet-meaning,nkhet-juh,nkhet-kng,nkhet-osn,nkhet-kvn,nkhet-oko,nkhet-mpu,nkhet-cui,nkhet-cua,nkhet-notes,nkhet-refer,nkhet-reflex,
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