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North Khoisan etymology : Search within this database Total of 3197 records 160 pages
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Proto-Ju: *ǀonu (?)
Meaning: smoke
!O!Kung (Bleek) : ǀkɔnu
Notes : Borrowed from Khoekhoe?
RefLex number: 3134
Proto-Ju: *ǀora
Tonal pattern: XL [j]
Meaning: baboon
Juǀʼhoan : ǀȍàrà (n2 )
Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ǀwara
ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡǀɔ̀ra
RefLex number: 1844
Proto-Ju: *ǀoV
Tonal pattern: HH [j]
Meaning: not
Juǀʼhoan : ǀóá // ǀòáˤ "not, never"
ǀǀAuǀǀen : ǀwa ~ ǀuaː
!Kung (Lloyd) : ǀúä ~ ǀúï
!Kung (Wilhelm): ǀua ~ ǀueː
!O!Kung (Bleek) : ǀwa ~ ǀwí ~ ǀwe ~ kwé ~ kwí
!O!Kung (Snyman): ǀoa
RefLex number: 1841
Proto-Ju: *ǀuʔi
Tonal pattern: LH [j]
Meaning: to be thin (of paper, etc.)
Juǀʼhoan : ǀùʔí
!Kung (Lloyd) : ǀwí
RefLex number: 1872
Proto-Ju: *ǀui
Meaning: to knead, press into a ball
Mpunguvlei : ǀùi
Cuito : ǀùi
Cuando : ǀùi
RefLex number: 3118
Proto-Ju: *ǀuni
Tonal pattern: XL [j]
Meaning: cocoon
Juǀʼhoan : ǀȕnì (n2 -si ) "leg-rattle (made from cocoons and tied around the legs during a dance)" // ɡǀȍnȉʰ (n4 -si ) "leg-rattles"
Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ǀoni
!Kung (Lloyd) : ǀūǹi
RefLex number: 304
Proto-Ju: *ǀxana
Meaning: arrow tip (without barbs)
Tsumkwe : ǀxànà
Tsintsabis : ǀxànà
Okongo : ǀxànà
Leeunes : ǀxànà
North Omatako : ǀxànà
Kameeldoring : ǀxàǀxànà
Lister : ǀxànà
RefLex number: 3093
Proto-Ju: *ǀxao
Tonal pattern: LL [j]
Meaning: to pay, reward
Juǀʼhoan : ǀxàò // ǀxàò ~ ǀxàò-xʼàm (n5 -si ) "payment, reward"
Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ǀxao
!Kung (Lloyd) : ǀxáu "to avenge"
!O!Kung (Snyman): ǀxào
Kavango : ǀxau
Tsumkwe : ǀxào
Tsintsabis : ǀxào
Okongo : ǀxào
Leeunes : ǀxào
Mpunguvlei : ǀxào
Cuando : ǀxào
South Omatako : ǀxào
North Omatako : ǀxào
Kameeldoring : ǀxào
Notes : Cf. Nama ǀkhao "to avenge".
RefLex number: 1881
Proto-Ju: *ǀxʼae
Tonal pattern: LL [j]
Meaning: to be sick (from), be suffering from (an illness)
Juǀʼhoan : ǀxʼàè // (n5 -si ) "illness"
Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ǀxʼae
ǀǀAuǀǀen : ǀai ~ ǀei
!Kung (Vedder): ǀxʼai
Tsumkwe : ǀxʼàe
Tsintsabis : ǀxʼàe
Leeunes : ǀxʼàe
South Omatako : ǀxʼàe
North Omatako : ǀxʼàe
Kameeldoring : ǀxʼàe
Lister : ǀxʼàe
RefLex number: 1826
Proto-Ju: *ǀxʼai
Tonal pattern: HH [j]
Meaning: foot
Juǀʼhoan : ǀxʼáí (n5 -si ) // ǀxʼáí-ʒxȍàrà (n5 -si ) "cleft between the two parts of a hoof"; ǀxʼáí-ɡ!ȕȉʰ (n5 -si ) "big toe"; ǀxʼáí-ɳ!áŋ (n5 -si ) "sole (of foot)", etc.
Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ǀxʼei
ǀǀAuǀǀen : ǀe ~ ǀxeː
!Kung (Lloyd) : ǀé ~ ǀì ~ ǀxʼĕ ~ ǀxʼì ~ ǀxì
!Kung (Doke): ǀʼai
!Kung (Vedder): ǀxʼai
!O!Kung (Bleek) : ǀxʼe ~ xʼɛ "foot" // ǀai "leg"
Tsumkwe : ǀxʼái
Tsintsabis : ǀxʼái
Okongo : ǀxʼái
Leeunes : ǀxái
Mpunguvlei : ǀxái
Cuito : ǀxái
Cuando : ǀxái
South Omatako : ǀxʼái
North Omatako : ǀxʼái
Kameeldoring : ǀxʼái
Lister : ǀxʼái
Notes : A few of the dialects are recorded as having velar fricative -x- for the efflux by Snyman; reasons unclear. The only similar case (although with slightly different dialectal distribution) is *ǀǀxʼòà "to send" q.v.
RefLex number: 1828
Proto-Ju: *ǀxʼau
Tonal pattern: LL [j]
Meaning: bad, ugly
Juǀʼhoan : ǀxʼàù // (n5 -si ) "badness, ugliness, mistake, fault"; ǀxʼàù-žù-à (n1 -si ) "sinner"
Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ǀxʼeu
ǀǀAuǀǀen : ǀxʼau "dirty"
!Kung (Lloyd) : ǀxʼào ~ ǀxʼáo
Tsumkwe : ǀxʼáu
Tsintsabis : ǀxʼào
Okongo : ǀxʼào
Leeunes : ǀxʼáo
Mpunguvlei : ǀxʼáo
Cuito : ǀxʼáo
Cuando : ǀxʼáo
Kameeldoring : ǀxʼào
Lister : ǀxʼáu
RefLex number: 1834
Proto-Ju: *ǀxʼãũ
Tonal pattern: LL
Meaning: blind snake, Typhlops sp.
Juǀʼhoan : ǀxʼã̀ũ̀ (n2 )
!O!Kung (Bleek) : ǀkã́ṹ "snake"
Tsumkwe : ǀxʼã̀ũ
Tsintsabis : ǀxʼã̀ũ
Okongo : ǀxʼã̀ũ
Leeunes : ǀxʼã̀ṹ
Mpunguvlei : ǀxʼã̀ṹ
Cuito : ǀxʼã̀ṹ
Cuando : ǀxʼã̀ṹ
Kameeldoring : ǀxʼàŋ
RefLex number: 1835
Proto-Ju: *ǀxʼõã
Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LL [k] ~ ML [e]
Meaning: phlegm, cold (n.)
Juǀʼhoan : ǀxʼõ̀ã̀ (n5 -si ) // ǀxʼõ̀ã̀-!xáí-á (n5 -si ) "handkerchief"; (?) ǀxʼõ̀ã̀-ǀǀʼàì-à (n5 -si ) "plant sp., katstertgras, Perotis patens "
Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ǀxʼwã
Kavango : ɡǀxʼõ̀ã
Ekoka : ɡǀxʼȭã̀
Tsumkwe : ǀxʼõ̀ã
Tsintsabis : ǀxʼõ̀ã
Okongo : ǀxʼõ̀ã
Leeunes : ǀxʼõã
Mpunguvlei : ǀxʼõ̀ã
Cuito : ǀxʼõã
South Omatako : ǀxʼõ̀ã
North Omatako : ǀxʼõ̀ã
Kameeldoring : ǀxʼõ̀ã
Lister : ǀxʼõ̀ã
Notes : Irregular voicening in the Northern dialects.
RefLex number: 1836
Proto-Ju: *ǀxʼuri
Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ HH [k]
Meaning: dirty
Juǀʼhoan : ǀxʼúrí // (n5 -si ) "dirt"; ǀxʼúrí-žù-à (n1 -si ) "garbage-collector"; ǀxʼúrí-tã́ (n5 -si ) "dirt-bin"; (?) ǀʼùrí-hã̏ (n5 -si ) "dirt"
Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ǀxʼori
!Kung (Doke): ǀʼuːriː-xâ "to be dirty"
!O!Kung (Snyman): ǀxʼúrí
Kavango : ɡǀxʼűri̋ (E)
RefLex number: 1839
Proto-Ju: *ǀxo
Tonal pattern: XL [j]
Meaning: to file, file away
Juǀʼhoan : ǀxȍò // (n3 -si ) "file"
!O!Kung (Bleek) : ǀo-ǀo
Notes : Cf. Naro and Nama ǀxo id. - cultural Wanderwort?
RefLex number: 1897
Proto-Ju: *ǀxoa
Tonal pattern: LL [j]
Meaning: with, by means of
Juǀʼhoan : ǀxòà // (?) ǀxòà-cʼí "also"
ǀǀAuǀǀen : ǀwa
RefLex number: 1888
Proto-Ju: *ǀxoa
Tonal pattern: XX [j]
Meaning: to light a fire
Juǀʼhoan : ǀxȍȁ
!Kung (Lloyd) : ǀxóä
Kavango : ǀxoȁ
Tsumkwe : ǀxòa
Tsintsabis : ǀxòa
Okongo : ǀxòa
Leeunes : ǀxòa
Mpunguvlei : ǀxòa
Cuito : ǀxòa
Cuando : ǀxòa
North Omatako : ǀxòa
Kameeldoring : ǀxòa
Lister : ǀxòa
RefLex number: 1889
Proto-Ju: *ǀxoa
Tonal pattern: XX [j]
Meaning: alive; life
Juǀʼhoan : ǀxȍȁ // (n5 ) "life, health, soul"; ǀxòà-sí (n5 -si ) "life, living"
Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ǀxwa "to live"
ǀǀAuǀǀen : ǀwaːˤ
!Kung (Lloyd) : ǀóä ~ ǀxóä
!Kung (Vedder): ǀôàː
!O!Kung (Snyman): ǀxòa
Kavango : ǀxoȁ "survive"
Cuito : ǀxòa "morning greeting" (?)
Cuando : ǀxòa ~ ǂxòa "morning greeting" (?)
Notes : According to Bleek, the root is the same as *ǀxoa 'to make fire'; indeed, the two appear to be completely identical phonologically, and unless separate etymologies are found for both, this idea should not be discarded. So far, the only outside parallel is ǀǀNg ǀwa 'to live' in Bleek's dictionary, but the root is never found in SK outside that language.
RefLex number: 1890
Proto-Ju: *ǀxom
Tonal pattern: LL [j]
Meaning: to beg, plead
Juǀʼhoan : ǀxòm "to beg, plead" // ǀxóm-á "to feel sorry for"; (n5 ) "sorrow, bereavement, grief"; ǀxòm-sí (n5 -si ) "place of prayer, church"
Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ǀxom
ǀǀAuǀǀen : ǀxomma "to pray"
!O!Kung (Snyman): ǀxòmà "to pity"
Kavango : ǀxòm "mercy, have mercy"
Tsumkwe : ǀxòm
Tsintsabis : ǀxòm
Okongo : ǀxòm
South Omatako : ǀxòm
North Omatako : ǀxòm
Kameeldoring : ǀxòm
Lister : ǀxòm
Notes : Reconstructible for PNK, but also potentially a borrowing from Nama (where both ǀkhom and ǀkhoma exist).
RefLex number: 1895
Proto-Ju: *ǀxu
Tonal pattern: HH [j]
Meaning: divining blocks, i.e. carved pieces of wood used by a healer to predict the future
Juǀʼhoan : ǀxú (n3 -si )
Kavango : ǀxű "divine, divination"
Notes : Possibly borrowed from Central Khoisan.
RefLex number: 1898
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