North Khoisan etymology : Query result

Proto-Ju: *ɳ!u

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ MH [k] ~ LM [e]

Meaning: egg

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɳ!ù (n5 -si) "glans of the penis; egg"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɳ!uː

Nogau : dshi ɳ!ŭ

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɳ!ú

!Kung (Weich): ɳ!uʰ

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ɳ!u

!O!Kung (Snyman): ɡ!ò=ɳ!ú "ostrich egg"

Kavango : ɳ!úű

Ekoka : ɳ!ùū

Notes : Class 3. Interesting compound in Juǀhoan: dàʔá-ɳ!ù 'coal, ember' (lit. 'fire-egg').

References : Bleek 483; Dickens 194, 254; Heikkinen 1986; KH 136; Snyman 1980: 10; Weich 54.

RefLex number: 1243

Proto-Ju: *ɳ!ũ (ʼɳ!-)

Tonal pattern: HH

Meaning: to stand

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɳ!ṹ // ɳ!ṹ-sí (n5 -si) "place (where one stands), position"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɳ!õ

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɳ!u

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɳ!ù ~ ɳ!ũ ~ ɳ!úŋ-a

!Kung (Weich): ɳ!uŋ

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ɳ!wa ~ ɳ!a

!O!Kung (Snyman): ɳ!ũ

Kavango : ʼɳ!ũ̏ (W) ~ ɳ!ũ̋ (E)

Ekoka : ɳ!ũ̄ã̄ ~ !ũ̄ã̄ "be standing"

References : Bleek 471, 482, 485, 486-7; Dickens 254; Heikkinen 1986; KH 136; Snyman 63; Snyman 1980: 50; Weich 55.

RefLex number: 1249

Proto-Ju: *ɳ!̯ui

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ HH [k] ~ HH [e]

Meaning: moon, month

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɳ!úí (n3 -si) // ɳ!úí-mà, pl. ɳ!úí-mʰí "small moon, apostrophe (last letter of the Juǀ'hoan alphabet)"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɳ!wi

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɳ!wi

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɳ!wái ~ ɳǀǀwĭ ~ ɳǀǀweː ~ ɳǀǀwái ~ ɳǀǀwai ~ ɳǂwĭ

!Kung (Doke): ɳ!̯ɔi

!Kung (Vedder): ɳ!ui

!Kung (Wilhelm): ɳ!oeː ~ ɳ!uˤiː

!Kung (Weich): ɳǀǀui

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ɳǀǀwi ~ ɳǀǀwe

Kavango : ɳǀǀűi

Ekoka : ɳǀǀúí

Various addenda: Passarge (ǀǀAuǀǀen): $gnui.

Notes : Class 1.

References : Bleek 480, 484, 488, 511, 623, 624, 675, 688; Dickens 254; Heikkinen 1986; KH 137; Snyman 24; Weich 58.

RefLex number: 1245

Proto-Ju: *ɳ!um

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LL [k] ~ LL [e]

Meaning: stone; mountain

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɳ!òm (n5 -si) // ɳ!óm-čʼùà (n5 -si) "cave"; ɳ!óm-cʼí (n5 -si) "heap of stones, beacon"; ɳ!óm-ɳ!áŋ (n5 -si) "cave"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɳ!om

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɳ!um

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɳ!um ~ ɳ!om

!Kung (Doke): ɳ!uːm "stone" // ɳ!ûm "mountain"

!Kung (Vedder): ɳ!ŏm "stone"

!Kung (Weich): ɳ!um

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ɳ!um

Kavango : ɳ!òm

Ekoka : ɳ!ùm̀

Various addenda: Passarge (ǀǀAuǀǀen): $gnumsi.

Notes : Cf. also Kavango ʔ!nȍm̋ (W), ɳ!om (E) "hill". Coupled with Doke's strange (arguably tonal) differentiation between 'stone' and 'mountain', this could point to two originally different roots, contaminated in daughter languages. However, external evidence is lacking to support the idea. In Juǀhoan, cf. also dàʔá-ɳ!ómá (n5 -si) 'flintstone'.

References : Bleek 481, 485, 688; Dickens 252; Heikkinen 1986; KH 136; Snyman 71; Weich 54.

RefLex number: 1221

Proto-Ju: *ɡǂa

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ LL [k] ~ LL [e] ~ VAR [Sn]

Meaning: to lie down, lay down (pl.)

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǂá "to put in (several objects), insert (several objects) (tr.); to lie down, lay down, lay (food on coals) (pl obj or subj)"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡǂa

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡǂă

!Kung (Weich): ɡǂa

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ɡǂà

Kavango : ɡǂà

Ekoka : ɡ!̯à

Tsumkwe : ɡǂá

Tsintsabis : ɡǂá

Okongo : ɡǂá

Leeunes : ɡǂá

Mpunguvlei : ɡǂà

Cuito : ɡǂà

Cuando : ɡǂà

South Omatako : ɡǂà

North Omatako : ɡǂá

Kameeldoring : ɡǂá

Lister : ɡǂá

References : Bleek 644; Dickens 205; Heikkinen 1986; KH 128; Snyman 51; Snyman 1997: 45; Weich 19.

RefLex number: 325

Proto-Ju: *ɡǂa

Tonal pattern: XX [j] ~ XX [k] ~ XX [e]

Meaning: old (of things)

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǂȁʰ // ɡǂȁʰ-ǂxȁȅ "small antelope (such as steenbok or duiker)" (n5); ɡǂà-kʰàm-kʰàm "be very old and feeble"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡǂa "to age"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡǂa

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡǂã ~ ɡǂã̌ ~ ɡǂe

!Kung (Doke): ɡǂʔàː ~ ɡǂǝʔàː

!Kung (Weich): ɡǂa

!O!Kung (Snyman): ɡǂàà

Kavango : ɡǂȁ

Ekoka : ɡ!̯ȁ

Tsumkwe : ɡǂā

Tsintsabis : ɡǂā

Okongo : ɡǂā

Leeunes : ɡǂā

Mpunguvlei : ɡǂā

Cuito : ɡǂā

Cuando : ɡǂā

South Omatako : ɡǂā

North Omatako : ɡǂā

Kameeldoring : ɡǂā

Lister : ɡǂā

Notes : The !Kung forms recorded by Doke are strange and rather indicate a variant like *ɡǂaʔa.

References : Bleek 644, 646; Dickens 206; Heikkinen 1986; KH 131; Snyman 17; Snyman 1980: 45; Snyman 1997: 45; Weich 19.

RefLex number: 330

Proto-Ju: *ɡǂãʔĩ

Tonal pattern: LH [j]

Meaning: to be tall, high, long

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǂàʔĩ́ // pl. ɡǂàʔĩ́ã̀; ɡǂã̀ʔĩ́-sí (n5) "height"; tórósì=ɡǂȁʔĩ̀ã̀ (n2) "oryx; long-haired person"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡǂeʔĩ

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡǀẽ

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡǂa-áŋ ~ ɡǂá-ŋ ~ ɡǀăʔŋ́

!Kung (Doke): ɡǂaʔŋ ~ ɡǂǝʔʌŋ

!Kung (Vedder): gà-ɡǂàn

!Kung (Wilhelm): ɡǂaŋ ~ ɡǂáŋ-aː

!Kung (Weich): ɡǂaŋ

Tsumkwe : ɡǂã̀ʔí

Tsintsabis : ɡǂāŋ̄ʔŋ̀

Okongo : ɡǂāŋ̄ʔŋ̀

Leeunes : ɡǂāŋ̄ʔŋ̀

Mpunguvlei : ɡǂàŋ̄ʔŋ́

Cuito : ɡ!áŋ̀

Cuando : ɡǂàŋ

South Omatako : ɡǂàŋ̀ʔŋ̀

North Omatako : ɡǂàŋ̀ʔŋ̀

Kameeldoring : ɡǂàŋ̀ʔŋ̀

Lister : ɡǂã̀ʔí

Notes : Irregular click influx in the Cuito area.

References : Bleek 275, 277, 644, 678; Dickens 206; Snyman 33; Snyman 1997: 46; Weich 19.

RefLex number: 348

Proto-Ju: *ɡǂai

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LL [k]

Meaning: wrist; joint

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǂàì (n5 -si)

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡǂei

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡ!e-ci-si "wrists"

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡǂíː ~ ɡǂí cːí

!O!Kung (Snyman): ɡǂài

Kavango : ɡǂì

Tsumkwe : ɡǂài

Tsintsabis : ɡǂài

Okongo : ɡǂài

Leeunes : ɡǂài

Mpunguvlei : ɡǂài

Cuito : ɡǂài

Cuando : ɡǂài

South Omatako : ɡǂài

North Omatako : ɡǂài

Kameeldoring : ɡǂài

Lister : ɡǂài

Notes : Kavango ɡǂì probably represents the Eastern dialect, where *-ai > -i.

References : Bleek 382, 646; Dickens 206; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 51; Snyman 1980: 55; Snyman 1997: 45.

RefLex number: 331

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