North Khoisan etymology : Query result

Proto-Ju: *ɡǂxʼui

Tonal pattern: XL [j]

Meaning: to break through, burst through, break soil (of seed)

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǂxʼȕì

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡǂxʼoi

Tsumkwe : ɡǂxʼūì

Tsintsabis : ǂʼùi

Okongo : ǂʼùi

Mpunguvlei : ǂʼúi

Cuito : ǂʼúi

Cuando : ǂʼúi

North Omatako : ɡǂxʼùi

Kameeldoring : ɡǂxʼùi

Lister : ɡǂxʼùi

References : Dickens 207; Snyman 52; Snyman 1997: 48.

RefLex number: 371

Proto-Ju: *ɡǂxʼui

Tonal pattern: LH [j]

Meaning: red cat

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǂxʼùí-šé (n2)

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡǂxʼoi-še

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ǂwi

Notes : The ǀǀAuǀǀen form can also belong together with *ǂʼùì "caracal".

References : Bleek 677; Dickens 207; Snyman 52.

RefLex number: 372

Proto-Ju: *ɡǀa

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ MM [k] ~ MM [e]

Meaning: to marry; wedding

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǀá (n2 -si) "wedding (ceremony, feast)"

!Kung (Weich): ɡǀa ba "bridegroom" // ɡǀa de "bride"

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ɡǀa "to marry; wife"

Kavango : ɡǀá "marriage"

Ekoka : ɡǀà ɳǀǀà, pl. ɡǀā-hŋ́ "wife, spouse"

References : Bleek 273, 274; Dickens 202; KH 130; Heikkinen 1986; Weich 18.

RefLex number: 263

Proto-Ju: *ɡǀaʔa

Tonal pattern: LH [j] ~ LM [k] ~ LH [e] ~ LH [Sn.]

Meaning: eye

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǀàʔá (n5 -si) // ɡǀàʔá-ɳ!áŋ "forward, ahead, in front, in front of"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡǀaʔa

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡǀa

Nogau : ɡǀá

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡǀắ ~ ɡǀăä́ ~ ɡǀʔá

!Kung (Doke): ɡǀʔa ~ ɡǀaʔa ~ ɡǀǝʔa

!Kung (Vedder): ɡǀyà

!Kung (Weich): ɡǀaʔa

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ɡǀa

!O!Kung (Snyman): ɡǀàʔá

Kavango : ɡǀàʔá

Ekoka : ɡǀàʔá

Tsumkwe : ɡǀàʔá

Tsintsabis : ɡǀàʔá

Okongo : ɡǀàʔá

Leeunes : ɡǀàʔá

Mpunguvlei : ɡǀàʔá

Cuito : ɡǀàʔá

Cuando : ɡǀàʔá

South Omatako : ɡǀàʔá

North Omatako : ɡǀàʔá

Kameeldoring : ɡǀàʔá

Lister : ɡǀàʔá

References : Bleek 274; Dickens 203; KH 130; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 57; Snyman 1980: 8; Snyman 1997: 43; Weich 18.

RefLex number: 285

Proto-Ju: *ɡǀae

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LL [k] ~ LL [e]

Meaning: to come

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǀàè // ɡǀàè-sí (n5 -si) "arrival point, terminus (of bus etc.)"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡǀe

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡǀé ~ ǀgéː

!Kung (Doke): ɡǀeː

!Kung (Vedder): ɡǀyeː

!Kung (Wilhelm): ɡǀeː "to come up"

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ɡǀe

!O!Kung (Snyman): ɡǀàe

Kavango : ɡǀè

Ekoka : ɡǀè

References : Bleek 277, 280; Dickens 203; Heikkinen 1986; KH 130; Snyman 1980: 32.

RefLex number: 265

Proto-Ju: *ɡǀaeˤ

Tonal pattern: HL [j] ~ XX [k]

Meaning: to play, move about (of a child still in the womb)

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǀáèˤ

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡǀaeˤ

!O!Kung (Snyman): ɡǀàeˤ

Kavango : ɡǀȁeˤ-sű

Tsumkwe : ɡǀàeˤ

Tsintsabis : ɡǀàeˤ

Okongo : ɡǀàeˤ

Leeunes : ɡǀàeˤ

Mpunguvlei : ɡǀàeˤ

Cuito : ɡǀàeˤ

Cuando : ɡǀàeˤ

South Omatako : ɡǀàeˤ

North Omatako : ɡǀàeˤ

Kameeldoring : ɡǀàeˤ

Lister : ɡǀàeˤ

References : Dickens 203; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 22; Snyman 1980: 46; Snyman 1997: 44.

RefLex number: 278

Proto-Ju: *ɡǀãĩ

Tonal pattern: LH [j]

Meaning: to carry over the shoulders

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǀã̀ĩ́

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡǀeʔĩ

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡǀẽ

References : Bleek 3; Dickens 203; Snyman 33.

RefLex number: 268

Proto-Ju: *ɡǀam̩

Tonal pattern: LX [j] ~ XX [k]

Meaning: cheek, part of the face below the ear

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǀàm (n5 -si)

Nogau : ɡǀam

!Kung (Lloyd) : ǀaˤḿ

!Kung (Doke): ɡǀaːm_̇ "jaw"

!Kung (Vedder): ɡǀyăm

!Kung (Weich): ɡǀam

!O!Kung (Snyman): ɡǀàm

Kavango : ɡǀȁm "cheekbones"

Tsumkwe : ɡǀàm

Tsintsabis : ɡǀàm

Mpunguvlei : ɡǀàm̀m̀

Cuito : ɡǀàm̀ḿ

Cuando : ɡǀām̄m̀

Lister : ɡǀam

References : Bleek 275, 280, 327; Dickens 203; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 1980: 35; Snyman 1997: 44; Weich 18.

RefLex number: 269

Proto-Ju: *ɡǀao

Tonal pattern: XX [j] ~ XX [k]

Meaning: hard, strong, tall

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǀȁȍʰ "to be hard, be difficult, be strong, be tough; be expensive" // ɡǀȁȍʰ (n5 -si) "strength, hardness, difficulty"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡǀau

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡǀáu

!Kung (Doke): ɡǀau

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ɡǀãũ

!O!Kung (Snyman): ɡǀāo

Kavango : ɡǀȁo "prestige" (E)

Tsumkwe : ɡǀāo "difficult"

Tsintsabis : ɡǀàu "difficult"

Okongo : ɡǀào "difficult"

Leeunes : ɡǀào "difficult"

South Omatako : ɡǀāo "difficult"

North Omatako : ɡǀāo "difficult"

Kameeldoring : ɡǀāo "difficult"

Lister : ɡǀāo "difficult"

References : Bleek 276; Dickens 203; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 1980: 36; Snyman 1997: 44.

RefLex number: 276

Proto-Ju: *ɡǀa-[xu]

Tonal pattern: XL [j] ~ LM [k] ~ XX [e]

Meaning: chair

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǀȁà-xú

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡǀaa-xu

!Kung (Weich): ɡǀa-xu

!O!Kung (Snyman): ɡǀá-xò

Kavango : ɡǀàá-xù

Ekoka : ɡǀȁʰ-xù

Notes : Possibly a borrowing, since the form looks very atypical for NK (-x- is not usually permitted in the second syllable). For the final element, cf., perhaps, PCK *xu 'thing'; but the first syllable is unclear (nothing like *ɡǀa 'to sit' is attested in CK).

References : Dickens 202; Heikkinen 1986; KH 130; Snyman 57; Snyman 1980: 8; Weich 18.

RefLex number: 264

Proto-Ju: *ɡǀḛ

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LM [k]

Meaning: termite sp.

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǀàèˤ (n5 -si)

!Kung (Weich): ɡǀeʔe

Kavango : ɡǀèé

References : Dickens 203; Heikkinen 1986; Weich 18.

RefLex number: 277

Proto-Ju: *ɡǀei

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ HH [k] ~ HH [e] ~ VAR [Sn.]

Meaning: to go out; to come out, rise (of sun)

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǀáí // ɡǀáí (n5 -si) ~ ɡǀáí-sí (n5 -si) "opening, exit"; ɡǀáí-ȁ-cʼí (n5) "faeces, shit"; ɡǀáí-á-!ʼó ~ ɡǀáí-!ʼó (n5) "defaecation, faeces, shit"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡǀi

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ǀgí

!Kung (Lloyd) : ǀgi, ǀgì

!Kung (Doke): ǀgi

!Kung (Vedder): ɡǀi

!Kung (Wilhelm): ǀgiː, ǀgi

!Kung (Weich): ɡǀi

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ǀgi

!O!Kung (Snyman): ɡǀa̋i

Kavango : ɡǀi̋

Ekoka : ɡǀí

Tsumkwe : ɡǀái

Tsintsabis : ɡǀái

Okongo : ɡǀái

Leeunes : ɡǀái

Mpunguvlei : ɡǀái

Cuito : ɡǀái

Cuando : ɡǀái

South Omatako : ɡǀi

North Omatako : ɡǀi

Kameeldoring : ɡǀi

Lister : ɡǀi

References : Bleek 279; Dickens 203; Heikkinen 1986; KH 130; Snyman 16; Snyman 1980: 48; Snyman 1997: 43; Weich 18.

RefLex number: 267

Proto-Ju: *ɡǀǀa

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LL [k] ~ LL [e]

Meaning: to stand (pl. action)

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǀǀà "to stand, stop; to place, put down (in an upright position); to fasten (e.g. a buckle, a watch etc.) (pl. obj.)"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡǀǀa

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡǀǀá ~ ɡǀǀaː

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡǀǀa

!Kung (Weich): ɡǀǀa

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ɡǀǀa ~ ɡǀǀà

!O!Kung (Snyman): ɡǀǀà

Kavango : ɡǀǀà "stand, put, place (pl.)"

Ekoka : ɡǀǀà "to put (pl.)"

Tsumkwe : ɡǀǀà

Tsintsabis : ɡǀǀà

Okongo : ɡǀǀà

Leeunes : ɡǀǀà

Mpunguvlei : ɡǀǀà

Cuito : ɡǀǀà

Cuando : ɡǀǀà

South Omatako : ɡǀǀà

North Omatako : ɡǀǀà

Kameeldoring : ɡǀǀà

Lister : ɡǀǀà

References : Bleek 522; Dickens 215; Heikkinen 1986; KH 131; Snyman 17; Snyman 1980: 50; Snyman 1997: 51; Weich 21.

RefLex number: 551

Proto-Ju: *ɡǀǀã

Meaning: to roast

Mpunguvlei : ɡǀǀã̀á

Cuito : ɡǀǀã̀á

Cuando : ɡǀǀã̀á

References : Snyman 1997: 46.

RefLex number: 3130

Proto-Ju: *ɡǀǀaʔ-

Tonal pattern: LH [j] ~ LL [k] ~ LL [e]

Meaning: to give birth, bear offspring

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǀǀàʔí // ɡǀǀàʔí-sí (n5) "place where one gives birth"

!Kung (Weich): ɡǀǀeʔe "to bear, birth"

Kavango : ɡǀǀàʔè (W) ~ ɡǀǀèʔè (E)

Ekoka : ɡǀǀàhè ~ ɡǀǀāʔàè

Tsumkwe : ɡǀǀàʔí

Tsintsabis : ɡǀǀàʔé

Okongo : ɡǀǀàʔé

Leeunes : ɡǀǀàʔé

Mpunguvlei : ɡǀǀàʔé

Cuito : ɡǀǀàʔé

Cuando : ɡǀǀàʔé

South Omatako : ɡǀǀàʔé

North Omatako : ɡǀǀàʔi

Kameeldoring : ɡǀǀàʔé

Notes : Correspondences for the final vowel are irregular. Either we deal with two variants of the same stem (*ɡǀǀàʔ-í and *ɡǀǀàʔ-é) or an original diphthong auslaut (*ɡǀǀàʔ-áí or *ɡǀǀàʔ-áé). The latter variant seems preferable in the light of the Ekoka form ɡǀǀāʔàè. In any case the post-glottal stop part of the stem must be of suffixal origin.

References : Dickens 216; Heikkinen 1986; KH 131; Snyman 1997: 51; Weich 24.

RefLex number: 581

Proto-Ju: *ɡǀǀaba

Tonal pattern: HH [j]

Meaning: to put on (footwear)

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǀǀábá

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡǀǀaba

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ɡǀǀaba

!O!Kung (Snyman): ɡǀǀàbà

Tsumkwe : ɡǀǀábá

Tsintsabis : ɡǀǀábá

Okongo : ɡǀǀábá

Leeunes : ɡǀǀàbá

South Omatako : ɡǀǀàbá

North Omatako : ɡǀǀábá

Kameeldoring : ɡǀǀàbá

Lister : ɡǀǀábá

References : Bleek 523; Dickens 215; Snyman 1980: 10; Snyman 1997: 51.

RefLex number: 555

Proto-Ju: *ɡǀǀaba

Tonal pattern: HH [j]

Meaning: the part of an arrow between the shaft and the point

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǀǀábá (n5 -si)

Tsumkwe : ɡǀǀábá

Tsintsabis : ɡǀǀòbà dé

Okongo : ɡǀǀábá

Leeunes : ɡǀǀábá

Kameeldoring : ǀǀàmà (?)

Lister : ɡǀǀábá

References : Dickens 215; Snyman 1997: 51.

RefLex number: 556

Proto-Ju: *ɡǀǀaˤ

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ XX [e]

Meaning: aunt

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǀǀàˤ (n1 - sĩ) "aunt (older than oneself); great-grandmother" // ɡǀǀàˤ-mà (n1 -sĩ) "aunt (of a woman, younger than herself), niece, younger female cousin"; ɡǀǀàˤà-kʰòè kò... "be in an aunt-niece relationship with each other"

!Kung (Weich): ɡǀǀaa

Kavango : ɡǀǀaˤ

Ekoka : ɡǀǀȁ

References : Dickens 216; Heikkinen 1986; Weich 21.

RefLex number: 572

Proto-Ju: *ɡǀǀaˤra

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: to strain (liquid)

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǀǀàˤrà "transfer liquid from one container to another"

!O!Kung (Snyman): ɡǀǀàˤlà ~ ɡ!àˤlà

References : Dickens 216; Snyman 1980: 51.

RefLex number: 573

Proto-Ju: *ɡǀǀai

Tonal pattern: HH [j]

Meaning: last-born child

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǀǀáíá (n1 -si)

Kavango : ɡǀǀài-mà "youngest child"

References : Dickens 215; Heikkinen 1986.

RefLex number: 563