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North Khoisan etymology : Search within this database Total of 3197 records 160 pages
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Proto-Ju: *ɡǀxãĩ
Tonal pattern: LH [j] ~ LL [k] ~ LL [e]
Meaning: awl
Juǀʼhoan : ɡǀxã̀ĩ́ (n5 -si ) // (?) ǀxání-ǀxání ~ ǀxàná-ǀxanà (n5 -si ) "awl (esp. the kind used to bore a hole in an ostrich egg)"
ǀǀAuǀǀen : ǀxanni-ǀxanni
!Kung (Lloyd) : ǀxãŋ "pin"
Kavango : ɡǀxàŋ "needle"
Ekoka : ɡǀxàŋ "needle"
Tsumkwe : ɡǀxã̀ĩ́
Tsintsabis : ɡǀxàŋ
Okongo : ǀxàŋ
Leeunes : /̄/̄xàŋ́ (?)
Mpunguvlei : ǀxàŋ
Cuito : ǀxànì
Cuando : ǀxàŋ ~ ǀxànì
North Omatako : ɡǀxàŋ
Kameeldoring : ɡǀxàŋ
Lister : ɡǀxã̀ĩ́
RefLex number: 320
Proto-Ju: *ɡǀxam
Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ XX [k] ~ LL [e]
Meaning: to urinate, urine
Juǀʼhoan : ɡǀxám // ɡǀxám (n5 -si ) "urine"; ɡǀxám-sí (n5 -si ) "place where one urinates"; ɡǀxám-čʼù (n5 -si ) "bladder"
Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡǀxem
!O!Kung (Snyman): ǀxàm
Kavango : ɡǀxȁm
Ekoka : ɡǀxàm
Tsumkwe : ɡǀxàm
Tsintsabis : ɡǀxàm
Okongo : ǀxàm
Leeunes : ɡǀxàm
Mpunguvlei : ǀxàm
Cuito : ǀxàm
Cuando : ǀxàm
South Omatako : ɡǀxàm
North Omatako : ɡǀxàm
Kameeldoring : ǀxam ~ ɡǀxàm
Lister : ǀxam ~ ɡǀxàm
RefLex number: 321
Proto-Ju: *ɡǀxʼani
Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ XX [k]
Meaning: (to be) strange, supernatural
Juǀʼhoan : ɡǀxʼànì "be strange, supernatural, tingle (of one's spine)"
Kavango : ɡǀxʼȁnȉ "show up, laugh too much"
RefLex number: 294
Proto-Ju: *ɡǀxʼoro
Tonal pattern: LH [j] ~ MM [k] ~ MM [e]
Meaning: dry leaf
Juǀʼhoan : ɡǀxʼòró
Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡǀxʼoro
!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡǀoro ~ ǀxʼŏ́ro
!O!Kung (Snyman): ǀxʼòrò
Kavango : ɡǀxʼóró "dead leaves"
Ekoka : ɡǀxʼōō "dead leaves"
Tsumkwe : ɡǀxʼòró
Tsintsabis : ǀxʼòrò
Okongo : ǀxʼòrò
Leeunes : ǀxʼóró
Mpunguvlei : ǀxʼóró
Cuito : ǀxʼóló
Cuando : ǀxʼóló
South Omatako : ɡǀxʼòrò
North Omatako : ɡǀxʼòró
Kameeldoring : ɡǀxʼòrò
Lister : ɡǀxʼoró
Notes : The elision of -r- in Ekoka is quite irregular.
RefLex number: 295
Proto-Ju: *ɡǀxʼu
Tonal pattern: LH [j] ~ HH [k] ~ HH [e]
Meaning: African wild dog
Juǀʼhoan : ɡǀxʼùú (n2 -si )
Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡǀxʼuu
ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡǀwa
!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡǀú "a certain wild beast that eats the buck and is ridden by the ǀxwe "
Kavango : ɡǀxʼű
Ekoka : ɡǀxʼú
Tsumkwe : ɡǀxʼùú
Tsintsabis : ǀxʼùù
Okongo : ǀxʼùù
Leeunes : ǀxʼúu
South Omatako : ɡǀxʼùu
North Omatako : ɡǀxʼùú
Kameeldoring : ɡǀxʼùú
Lister : ɡǀxʼùú
Notes : The //Au//en stem probably reflects a different morphological formation (*ɡǀxʼu-a ).
RefLex number: 299
Proto-Ju: *ɡǀxʼui
Tonal pattern: LH [j] ~ MM [e]
Meaning: to be tired; to drown
Juǀʼhoan : ɡǀxʼùí "to drown" // ɡǀxʼùí-tsʼí "to drown"
Ekoka : ɡǀxʼúí "to be tired"
Notes : The semantics is rather poor, but the comparison is still not excluded (especially since the original NK root for 'drown', as evidenced by external data, is rather PNK *ɳǀòˤí q.v.).
RefLex number: 298
Proto-Ju: *ɡǀxʼʌm
Tonal pattern: HH [k] ~ MH [e]
Meaning: rubbish
Kavango : ɡǀxʼa̋m
Ekoka : ɡǀxʼōḿ
Notes : A Northern isogloss with non-matching vocalism.
RefLex number: 3173
Proto-Ju: *ɡ!̯a
Tonal pattern: LL [j]
Meaning: rain
Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!à (n5 -si ) // ɡ!à-ɳ!ú (n5 -si ) "toadstool, poisonous mushroom" (lit. 'egg of rain'); ɡ!à-cʼáú-sì (n5 ) "hanging wisps of clouds"; ɡ!à-!xʼúí (n5 -si ) "cloud"
ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡ!à
Nogau : ɡǀǀa "spring, well"
!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡǀǀa ~ ɡ!̯ă
!Kung (Vedder): ɡ!̯yâː "cloud"
!Kung (Weich): ɡǀǀa
!O!Kung (Bleek) : ɡǀǀa ~ gaː
Kavango : ɡǀǀà
Ekoka : ɡǀǀà "rain; to rain; year"
Tsumkwe : ɡ!à
Tsintsabis : ɡǀǀà
Okongo : ɡǀǀà
Leeunes : ɡ!̄à
Mpunguvlei : ɡǀǀà
Cuito : ɡǀǀà
Cuando : ɡǀǀà
South Omatako : ɡ!à
North Omatako : ɡ!à
Kameeldoring : ɡ!à
Lister : ɡ!à
Notes : Class 4.
RefLex number: 407
Proto-Ju: *ɡ!̯a
Meaning: husband (?; only in cmpds. )
Juǀʼhoan : txṹ=ɡ!á (n1 -si ) "(older) brother-in-law; uncle by marriage"
Kavango : txṹ ɡǀǀá "grandfather, maternal uncle"
Tsumkwe : txṹ ɡ!á "brother-in-law"
Tsintsabis : txṹ ɡ!á "brother-in-law"
Leeunes : txṹ ɡ!̄ã́ "brother-in-law"
North Omatako : txṹ ɡ!á "brother-in-law"
Lister : txũ̀ ɡ!á "brother-in-law"
RefLex number: 2808
Proto-Ju: *ɡ!̯a
Meaning: knife
!Kung (Lloyd) : ǀǀka, ǀǀgǎ, !̯kaː
!Kung (Doke): !̯kha
!Kung (Vedder): !̯gà
!Kung (Wilhelm): ǀǀga
!O!Kung (Bleek) : ǀǀka
References : Bleek 470, 505, 506, 522, 546-7.RefLex number: 3050
Proto-Ju: *ɡ!a
Tonal pattern: HH [j]
Meaning: to go, arrive
Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!á "arrive (by day); get home, get back" // ɡ!á-sí (n5 ) "arrival"
ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡ!a ~ ɡ!aː
!Kung (Vedder): ɡ!àː
!Kung (Wilhelm): ɡ!aːʔuː "run away" (?)
RefLex number: 406
Proto-Ju: *ɡ!̯a (?)
Meaning: year
!Kung (Doke): !̯nau (?)
Ekoka : ɡǀǀà
RefLex number: 3195
Proto-Ju: *ɡ!ãʔã
Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LL [k] ~ ML [e]
Meaning: bitter, sour
Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!àʔã̀
Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡ!aʔã
!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡ!aá "salty"
Kavango : ɡ!àʔà
Ekoka : ɡ!āʔà
RefLex number: 452
Proto-Ju: *ɡ!̯aʔama
Tonal pattern: LH [j] ~ LL [k] ~ LL [e]
Meaning: to enter
Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!àʔámá // ɡ!àʔámá-sí (n5 -si ) "entrance, entry"
Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡ!aʔama
!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡ!̯abba ~ ɡǀǀabba "to enter, go into, crawl into"
!Kung (Vedder): -ɡǀǀyava "to crawl into"
!Kung (Weich): ɡǀǀava
!O!Kung (Bleek) : ɡǀǀàba
Kavango : ɡǀǀàbá
Ekoka : ɡǀǀàbà
Tsumkwe : ɡ!àʔámà
Tsintsabis : ɡǀǀàʔábá
Okongo : ɡǀǀàbà
Leeunes : ɡǀǀāʔàbà
Mpunguvlei : ɡǀǀàbá
Cuito : ɡǀǀàbá
Cuando : ɡǀǀàbá
South Omatako : ɡ!àʔábá
North Omatako : ɡ!àʔábá
Kameeldoring : ɡ!àʔábá
Lister : ɡ!àʔàmá
RefLex number: 451
Proto-Ju: *ɡ!a(ʔ)e ~ *ɡ!ã(ʔ)e
Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LM [k] ~ XL [e]
Meaning: red
Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!ã̀ã̀ "red, brown"
Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡ!ãː
ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡ!ãː
!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡ!ã ~ ɡ!a
!Kung (Doke): ɡ!ãʔã
!O!Kung (Bleek) : ɡ!àì ~ ɡ!ã
!O!Kung (Snyman): ɡ!àe
Kavango : ɡ!àé (W) ~ ɡ!èé (E)
Ekoka : ɡ!ȁèʰ
Tsumkwe : ɡ!ãa
Tsintsabis : ɡ!ãe
Okongo : ɡ!àe
Leeunes : ɡ!aˤ
Mpunguvlei : ɡ!àé
Cuito : ɡ!àé
Cuando : ɡ!àé
South Omatako : ɡ!ãa
North Omatako : ɡ!ãa
Kameeldoring : ɡ!ãa
Lister : ɡ!ãˤ
Notes : The vocalism in this root is hard to reconstruct; particularly obscure are the breathy articulation in Ekoka and occasional pharyngealization in !Xung dialects. Most probably we are dealing with a complex combination of secondary vocalic features (breathiness + nazalization + (?) glottal stop, cf. Doke's !gãʔã closely reminiscent of #Hoan's !kaʔa ), simplified in different ways across the dialectal continuum.
RefLex number: 409
Proto-Ju: *ɡ!ãʔĩ
Tonal pattern: LH [j] ~ LH [k]
Meaning: full; to fill
Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!ã̀ʔĩ́
Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡ!ẽʔĩ
ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡ!ẽː ~ ɡ!ẽĩ ~ ɡ!ẽ "long, full"
!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡ!ʔàŋ ~ ɡ!ăäŋ "to fill"
!Kung (Weich): ɡ!aŋ
!O!Kung (Snyman): ǂʼaè-ɡ!àŋ̀ʔŋ "to fill"
Kavango : ɡ!àʔa̋ŋ
Tsumkwe : ɡ!ãʔi
Tsintsabis : ɡ!àŋ̀ʔŋ́
Okongo : ɡ!àŋ̀ʔŋ
Leeunes : ɡ!àŋ̀ʔŋ́
Mpunguvlei : ɡ!àŋ̀ʔŋ́
Cuito : ɡ!àŋ̀ʔŋ́
Cuando : ɡ!àŋ̀ʔŋ́
South Omatako : ɡ!àŋ̀ʔŋ́
North Omatako : ɡ!ãi
Kameeldoring : ɡ!àŋ̀ʔŋ́
Lister : ɡ!ãʔi
RefLex number: 456
Proto-Ju: *ɡ!aʔi
Tonal pattern: LH [j] ~ LH [k] ~ LH [e]
Meaning: to go out (pl. action)
Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!àʔí
Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡ!eʔi
ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡ!éí
!Kung (Weich): ɡ!ai "out"
Kavango : ɡ!àʔi̋
Ekoka : ɡ!àí
RefLex number: 455
Proto-Ju: *ɡ!̯aba
Tonal pattern: HH [j]
Meaning: to stumble, trip
Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!áá-ɡ!ábá
!O!Kung (Snyman): ǀǀàbà-ǀǀàbá
RefLex number: 408
Proto-Ju: *ɡ!abi (?)
Meaning: gadfly
Cuito : ɡ!ābī
Cuando : ɡǂàbí, ɡǂàbī
RefLex number: 3105
Proto-Ju: *ɡ!aˤʔanu
Tonal pattern: XL [j]
Meaning: to be stiff (of one's body)
Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!ȁˤʔànù
RefLex number: 438
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Total of 3197 records 160 pages
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