North Khoisan etymology : Query result

Proto-Ju: *ɡǀxãĩ

Tonal pattern: LH [j] ~ LL [k] ~ LL [e]

Meaning: awl

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǀxã̀ĩ́ (n5 -si) // (?) ǀxání-ǀxání ~ ǀxàná-ǀxanà (n5 -si) "awl (esp. the kind used to bore a hole in an ostrich egg)"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ǀxanni-ǀxanni

!Kung (Lloyd) : ǀxãŋ "pin"

Kavango : ɡǀxàŋ "needle"

Ekoka : ɡǀxàŋ "needle"

Tsumkwe : ɡǀxã̀ĩ́

Tsintsabis : ɡǀxàŋ

Okongo : ǀxàŋ

Leeunes : /̄/̄xàŋ́ (?)

Mpunguvlei : ǀxàŋ

Cuito : ǀxànì

Cuando : ǀxàŋ ~ ǀxànì

North Omatako : ɡǀxàŋ

Kameeldoring : ɡǀxàŋ

Lister : ɡǀxã̀ĩ́

References : Bleek 363; Dickens 205, 293; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 1997: 44.

RefLex number: 320

Proto-Ju: *ɡǀxam

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ XX [k] ~ LL [e]

Meaning: to urinate, urine

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǀxám // ɡǀxám (n5 -si) "urine"; ɡǀxám-sí (n5 -si) "place where one urinates"; ɡǀxám-čʼù (n5 -si) "bladder"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡǀxem

!O!Kung (Snyman): ǀxàm

Kavango : ɡǀxȁm

Ekoka : ɡǀxàm

Tsumkwe : ɡǀxàm

Tsintsabis : ɡǀxàm

Okongo : ǀxàm

Leeunes : ɡǀxàm

Mpunguvlei : ǀxàm

Cuito : ǀxàm

Cuando : ǀxàm

South Omatako : ɡǀxàm

North Omatako : ɡǀxàm

Kameeldoring : ǀxam ~ ɡǀxàm

Lister : ǀxam ~ ɡǀxàm

References : Dickens 205; Heikkinen 1986; KH 130; Snyman 58; Snyman 1980: 13; Snyman 1997: 44, 90.

RefLex number: 321

Proto-Ju: *ɡǀxʼoro

Tonal pattern: LH [j] ~ MM [k] ~ MM [e]

Meaning: dry leaf

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǀxʼòró

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡǀxʼoro

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡǀoro ~ ǀxʼŏ́ro

!O!Kung (Snyman): ǀxʼòrò

Kavango : ɡǀxʼóró "dead leaves"

Ekoka : ɡǀxʼōō "dead leaves"

Tsumkwe : ɡǀxʼòró

Tsintsabis : ǀxʼòrò

Okongo : ǀxʼòrò

Leeunes : ǀxʼóró

Mpunguvlei : ǀxʼóró

Cuito : ǀxʼóló

Cuando : ǀxʼóló

South Omatako : ɡǀxʼòrò

North Omatako : ɡǀxʼòró

Kameeldoring : ɡǀxʼòrò

Lister : ɡǀxʼoró

Notes : The elision of -r- in Ekoka is quite irregular.

References : Bleek 282, 339; Dickens 204; Snyman 58; Snyman 1980: 13; Snyman 1997: 45.

RefLex number: 295

Proto-Ju: *ɡǀxʼu

Tonal pattern: LH [j] ~ HH [k] ~ HH [e]

Meaning: African wild dog

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡǀxʼùú (n2 -si)

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡǀxʼuu

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡǀwa

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡǀú "a certain wild beast that eats the buck and is ridden by the ǀxwe"

Kavango : ɡǀxʼű

Ekoka : ɡǀxʼú

Tsumkwe : ɡǀxʼùú

Tsintsabis : ǀxʼùù

Okongo : ǀxʼùù

Leeunes : ǀxʼúu

South Omatako : ɡǀxʼùu

North Omatako : ɡǀxʼùú

Kameeldoring : ɡǀxʼùú

Lister : ɡǀxʼùú

Notes : The //Au//en stem probably reflects a different morphological formation (*ɡǀxʼu-a).

References : Bleek 282, 284; Dickens 204; Heikkinen 1986; KH 130; Snyman 58; Snyman 1997: 45.

RefLex number: 299

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!̯a

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: rain

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!à (n5 -si) // ɡ!à-ɳ!ú (n5 -si) "toadstool, poisonous mushroom" (lit. 'egg of rain'); ɡ!à-cʼáú-sì (n5) "hanging wisps of clouds"; ɡ!à-!xʼúí (n5 -si) "cloud"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡ!à

Nogau : ɡǀǀa "spring, well"

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡǀǀa ~ ɡ!̯ă

!Kung (Vedder): ɡ!̯yâː "cloud"

!Kung (Weich): ɡǀǀa

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ɡǀǀa ~ gaː

Kavango : ɡǀǀà

Ekoka : ɡǀǀà "rain; to rain; year"

Tsumkwe : ɡ!à

Tsintsabis : ɡǀǀà

Okongo : ɡǀǀà

Leeunes : ɡ!̄à

Mpunguvlei : ɡǀǀà

Cuito : ɡǀǀà

Cuando : ɡǀǀà

South Omatako : ɡ!à

North Omatako : ɡ!à

Kameeldoring : ɡ!à

Lister : ɡ!à

Notes : Class 4.

References : Bleek 41, 374, 505, 506, 522; Dickens 209; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 1997: 48; Weich 21.

RefLex number: 407

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!̯aʔama

Tonal pattern: LH [j] ~ LL [k] ~ LL [e]

Meaning: to enter

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!àʔámá // ɡ!àʔámá-sí (n5 -si) "entrance, entry"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡ!aʔama

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡ!̯abba ~ ɡǀǀabba "to enter, go into, crawl into"

!Kung (Vedder): -ɡǀǀyava "to crawl into"

!Kung (Weich): ɡǀǀava

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ɡǀǀàba

Kavango : ɡǀǀàbá

Ekoka : ɡǀǀàbà

Tsumkwe : ɡ!àʔámà

Tsintsabis : ɡǀǀàʔábá

Okongo : ɡǀǀàbà

Leeunes : ɡǀǀāʔàbà

Mpunguvlei : ɡǀǀàbá

Cuito : ɡǀǀàbá

Cuando : ɡǀǀàbá

South Omatako : ɡ!àʔábá

North Omatako : ɡ!àʔábá

Kameeldoring : ɡ!àʔábá

Lister : ɡ!àʔàmá

References : Bleek 505, 523, 531; Dickens 211; Heikkinen 1986; KH 131; Snyman 25; Snyman 1997: 48; Weich 23.

RefLex number: 451

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!a(ʔ)e ~ *ɡ!ã(ʔ)e

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LM [k] ~ XL [e]

Meaning: red

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!ã̀ã̀ "red, brown"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡ!ãː

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡ!ãː

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡ!ã ~ ɡ!a

!Kung (Doke): ɡ!ãʔã

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ɡ!àì ~ ɡ!ã

!O!Kung (Snyman): ɡ!àe

Kavango : ɡ!àé (W) ~ ɡ!èé (E)

Ekoka : ɡ!ȁèʰ

Tsumkwe : ɡ!ãa

Tsintsabis : ɡ!ãe

Okongo : ɡ!àe

Leeunes : ɡ!aˤ

Mpunguvlei : ɡ!àé

Cuito : ɡ!àé

Cuando : ɡ!àé

South Omatako : ɡ!ãa

North Omatako : ɡ!ãa

Kameeldoring : ɡ!ãa

Lister : ɡ!ãˤ

Notes : The vocalism in this root is hard to reconstruct; particularly obscure are the breathy articulation in Ekoka and occasional pharyngealization in !Xung dialects. Most probably we are dealing with a complex combination of secondary vocalic features (breathiness + nazalization + (?) glottal stop, cf. Doke's !gãʔã closely reminiscent of #Hoan's !kaʔa), simplified in different ways across the dialectal continuum.

References : Bleek 374, 375; Dickens 209; Heikkinen 1986; KH 130; Snyman 29; Snyman 1980: 47; Snyman 1997: 48.

RefLex number: 409

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!ãʔĩ

Tonal pattern: LH [j] ~ LH [k]

Meaning: full; to fill

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!ã̀ʔĩ́

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡ!ẽʔĩ

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡ!ẽː ~ ɡ!ẽĩ ~ ɡ!ẽ "long, full"

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡ!ʔàŋ ~ ɡ!ăäŋ "to fill"

!Kung (Weich): ɡ!aŋ

!O!Kung (Snyman): ǂʼaè-ɡ!àŋ̀ʔŋ "to fill"

Kavango : ɡ!àʔa̋ŋ

Tsumkwe : ɡ!ãʔi

Tsintsabis : ɡ!àŋ̀ʔŋ́

Okongo : ɡ!àŋ̀ʔŋ

Leeunes : ɡ!àŋ̀ʔŋ́

Mpunguvlei : ɡ!àŋ̀ʔŋ́

Cuito : ɡ!àŋ̀ʔŋ́

Cuando : ɡ!àŋ̀ʔŋ́

South Omatako : ɡ!àŋ̀ʔŋ́

North Omatako : ɡ!ãi

Kameeldoring : ɡ!àŋ̀ʔŋ́

Lister : ɡ!ãʔi

References : Bleek 376, 381; Dickens 211; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 33; Snyman 1980: 38; Snyman 1997: 48; Weich 20.

RefLex number: 456

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