North Khoisan etymology : Query result

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!o

Tonal pattern: HH [k] ~ MM [e]

Meaning: ostrich

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡ!o

ǀǀAuǀǀen : !go

!O!Kung (Bleek) : !gòè

Kavango : ɡ!ó

Ekoka : ɡ!ō

Mpunguvlei : ɡ!ó

Cuito : ɡ!ó

Cuando : ɡ!ó

Lister : ɡ!ó

Notes : Class 1.

References : Bleek 383, 384; Heikkinen 1986; KH 130; Snyman 54; Snyman 1997: 81.

RefLex number: 3046

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!oʔa (*ɡ!̯-)

Tonal pattern: LH [j]

Meaning: chest

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!òʔá (n5 -si) // ɡ!òʔá-ɳ!áŋ "in front (of)"; (n5 -si) "mercy"; ɡ!òʔá-!ʰáá (n5 -si) "breast, flesh of the chest"; ɡ!òʔá-!ʼúá (n5 -si) "breast bone, sternum; sp. of ant which holds its abdomen erect (praise-name)"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡ!oʔa

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡ!waː

Nogau : ɡǀoa

References : Bleek 280, 390; Dickens 213; Snyman 26.

RefLex number: 509

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!oʔe (*ɡ!̯-)

Tonal pattern: LH [j] ~ LH [k] ~ MM [e]

Meaning: gemsbok

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!òʔé (n2) // ɡ!òʔé-ɳǂáré (n5 -si) "herd of gemsbok"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡ!oʔe

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡ!oe ~ ɡ!weː

!O!Kung (Snyman): ɡ!òʔé

Kavango : ɡǀǀòʔé (W.)

Ekoka : ɡǀǀōē "springbok"

Mpunguvlei : ɡ!òé

Cuando : ɡ!òé

South Omatako : ɡ!òè

North Omatako : ɡ!òè

Kameeldoring : ɡ!òè

Lister : ɡ!òò

Notes : Class 3. Kavango and Ekoka forms seem to suggest an original retroflex click, but some of Snyman's data contradict this.

References : Bleek 384, 392; Dickens 213; Heikkinen 1986; KH 132; Snyman 26; Snyman 1980: 39; Snyman 1997: 78.

RefLex number: 510

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!̯oʔo

Tonal pattern: LH [j] ~ LH [k] ~ LL [e]

Meaning: to cough

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!òʔó

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡ!oʔo

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡ!o

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡ!oö́ ~ ɡǀǀoʔóː ~ ǀǀoó

!Kung (Weich): ɡǀǀoʔo

Kavango : ɡǀǀòʔó

Ekoka : ɡǀǀòʔò

Okongo : ɡǀǀò-ɳǀǀóró "cough up blood"

References : Bleek 382, 386, 533, 587; Dickens 213; Heikkinen 1986; KH 132; Snyman 26; Snyman 1997: 63; Weich 24.

RefLex number: 513

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!oa

Tonal pattern: LH [j]

Meaning: in the late afternoon, in the early evening

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!òá

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡ!oʔa "afternoon"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡ!waː ~ ɡ!waˤ ~ gwàˤ

References : Bleek 52, 390; Dickens 212; Snyman 26.

RefLex number: 478

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!oa ~ *ɡ!oˤa

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ XH [k] ~ XL [e]

Meaning: leaf

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!òà (n5 -si) "wet leaf"

!O!Kung (Bleek) : gòà:

!O!Kung (Snyman): ɡ!oˤa

Kavango : ɡ!ȍˤá

Ekoka : ɡ!ȍˤà

Notes : Juǀhoan and Northern !Xung forms most probably belong together, but are slightly hard to reconcile because the latter ones are pharyngealized.

References : Bleek 47, 532; Dickens 212; Heikkinen 1986; KH 30; Snyman 1980: 43.

RefLex number: 479

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!̯oaʰ

Tonal pattern: XX [j] ~ XL [e]

Meaning: shoe

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!ȍȁʰ (n4 -si) "footwear" // ɡ!ȍȅʰ (n4 -si) "shoe, sandal, footwear"; ɡ!ȍȅʰ-ɳ!áŋ (n5 -si) "inner sole of shoe, sole of the foot"; ɡ!ȍȅʰ-!ʼã́ (n5 -si) "vulture (praise)" (?)

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡ!we "shoe"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡ!waː

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡǀǀwaː ~ ɡǀǀóä

!Kung (Wilhelm): goːắ

!Kung (Weich): ɡǀǀoee

!O!Kung (Snyman): ɡǀǀòé

Ekoka : ɡǀǀȍhã̀

Notes : Class 3.

References : Bleek 47, 390, 532, 536; Dickens 212; Honken 1998: 175; KH 132; Snyman 23; Snyman 1980: 16; Weich 24.

RefLex number: 480

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!obe

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: skin blanket (made from kudu or gemsbok skin)

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!òbè (n5 -si)

References : Dickens 212.

RefLex number: 485

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!obeʰ

Tonal pattern: XX [j]

Meaning: split (in the seam of a sewed skin)

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!ȍbȅʰ (n5 -si)

References : Dickens 212.

RefLex number: 488

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!̯oˤ

Tonal pattern: XX [j] ~ XX [k] ~ LL [e]

Meaning: man, male

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : -ɡ!ȍˤ (suffix)

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡ!oˤo "bull"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡ!o ~ ɡǀǀo

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡǀǀɔ ~ ɡǀǀɔ́ö_

!Kung (Doke): ɡ!̯oː

!Kung (Vedder): ɡ!̯ɔː

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ɡǀǀɔ̀

Kavango : ɡǀǀȍˤ

Ekoka : ɡ!̯òˤ "male (adj.)" // -ɡ!̯òˤ "male (nom. suffix)"

Okongo : ɡǀǀòˤ

Leeunes : ɡǀǀòˤ

Mpunguvlei : ɡǀǀòˤ

Cuito : ɡǀǀòˤ

Cuando : ɡǀǀòˤ

South Omatako : ɡ!òˤ

Notes : The retroflex articulation in Ekoka is unexpected, since normally it reflects the palatal click. One may either think of some sort of obscure influence (e. g. on the part of the pharyngealized vowel) or a more recent re-borrowing from a neighbouring dialect that had preserved the retroflex click.

References : Bleek 383, 506, 531, 533; Dickens 213; Heikkinen 1986; KH 131; Snyman 19; Snyman 1997: 94.

RefLex number: 501

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!õˤʔĩ

Tonal pattern: LH [j]

Meaning: ochre, red stone

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!õ̀ˤʔĩ́ (n4) // ɡǀòˤʔí-sà (n3 -si) id.

References : Dickens 1994: 204, 213.

RefLex number: 307

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!oʰ

Tonal pattern: XX [j]

Meaning: dust

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!ȍʰ

!O!Kung (Snyman): ɡ!ō

Leeunes : ɡ!ō

Mpunguvlei : ɡ!ō

Cuito : ɡ!ō

South Omatako : ɡ!ō

North Omatako : ɡ!ō

Kameeldoring : ɡ!ō

Lister : ɡ!ō

References : Dickens 212; Snyman 1980: 37; Snyman 1997: 67.

RefLex number: 489

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!oʰm

Tonal pattern: XX [j]

Meaning: bottom, buttock

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!ȍʰm (n5 -si) // ɡ!ȍʰm-!ó (n5 -si) "pod (e.g. of Bauhinia petersiana) which has already split and lost its seeds"; ɡ!ȍʰm-!ʼã́ (n5 -si) "(skin) blanket worn around a woman's bottom"; ɡ!ȍʰm-!ʼúá (n5 -si) "sp. of ant which holds its abdomen erect (praise)"

References : Dickens 212.

RefLex number: 492

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!om

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ LL [k]

Meaning: cold dry season, winter

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!óm (n5)

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡ!om

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡ!um

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡ!uḿm

!Kung (Weich): ɡ!om

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ɡ!ùm̀

Kavango : ɡ!òm

References : Bleek 389; Dickens 212; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 75; Weich 21.

RefLex number: 495

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!̯om (*ɡ!-)

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: edible hairless caterpillar

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!òm-šè (n2)

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡǀǀum "worm, caterpillar"

References : Dickens 212.

RefLex number: 499

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!oma

Meaning: upper arm

Tsintsabis : ɡ!òmá

Okongo : ɡ!òmá

Mpunguvlei : ɡ!òmá

References : Snyman 1997: 52.

RefLex number: 3122

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!oma

Meaning: boy, girl

ǀǀAuǀǀen : !goma

!O!Kung (Bleek) : !goma

References : Bleek 385.

RefLex number: 3157

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!oro

Tonal pattern: LH [k]

Meaning: fish

!Kung (Weich): ɡ!ololo

Kavango : ɡ!òró

Notes : The root ǀǀʼau is more widespread among the dialects, but also looks suspiciously like a potential borrowing from Khoekhoe, so it is possible that the Kavango form reflects a more archaic variant.

References : Heikkinen 1986; Weich 21.

RefLex number: 3175

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!̯u

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ HH [k] ~ HH [e]

Meaning: water

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!ú (n5 -si) // ɡ!ú-ɳ!áŋ (n5 -si) "water hole, wetland, marsh"; ɡ!ú-tã̀ (n5 -si) "bucket, water bottle, water container"; ɡ!ú-ǀʰàìã̀ (n3 -si) "water bag"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡ!u

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡǀǀu ~ ɡ!ú

Nogau : ɡ!ŭ ~ du

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡǀǀù ~ ɡǀǀŭ

!Kung (Doke): ɡ!̯ũ

!Kung (Weich): ɡǀǀu

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ɡǀǀú ~ ɡǀǀó

Kavango : ɡǀǀű

Ekoka : ɡǀǀú

Notes : Class 4.

References : Bleek 28, 387, 506, 531, 535; Dickens 213; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 75; Weich 24.

RefLex number: 514

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!u

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ HH [e] ~ HH [k]

Meaning: stomach, belly

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!ú (n5 -si) "stomach, belly" //ɡ!ú-cʼí (n5 -si) "stomach"; ɡ!ú-ɡǀʰȁ-té (n2) "python (praise)" (?)

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡ!ú "body, seedpod"

Nogau : dub

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡ!ù ~ ɡ!ú "stomach, belly"

!Kung (Doke): ɡ!u "stomach, belly"

!Kung (Wilhelm): ɡ!uː "belly"

!Kung (Weich): ɡ!ú

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ɡ!ú "stomach"

Kavango : ɡ!ű "belly"

Ekoka : ɡ!ú "stomach"

Notes : Class 4.

References : Bleek 28, 387-88; Heikkinen 1986; KH 130; Weich 21.

RefLex number: 515