North Khoisan etymology : Query result

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!ũ

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LL [k]

Meaning: a k. of acacia

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!ũ̀ (n5 -si)

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡ!ũ "false umbrella thorn acacia, Acacia reficiens"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡ!ũ "mimosa tree, Acacia niermis"

Kavango : ɡ!ũ̀

References : Bleek 388; Dickens 214; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 28.

RefLex number: 526

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!ũ

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ XX [k]

Meaning: pestle

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!ũ̀ (n5 -si)

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡ!ɔ̃

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ɡ!õ ~ ɡ!ũ

Kavango : ɡ!ũ̏

Various addenda: Passarge (ǀǀAuǀǀen): $guŋ.

References : Bleek 383, 388, 688; Dickens 214; Heikkinen 1986.

RefLex number: 527

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!̯uʔi

Tonal pattern: LH [j]

Meaning: termite hill

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!ùʔí (n2 -si)

Kavango : ɡǀǀùʔi̋

References : Dickens 214; Heikkinen 1986.

RefLex number: 530

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!ũʔũ

Tonal pattern: LH [j] ~ MH [k]

Meaning: to watch

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!ùʔṹ "look at, watch (of a spectator at a sports match etc.)" // ɡ!ùʔṹ-xʼàò (n1 -si) "spectator, member of an audience"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡ!oʔõ

Kavango : ɡ!óʔũ̋ "to look"

References : Dickens 214; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 33.

RefLex number: 532

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!uʔubu

Tonal pattern: LH [j]

Meaning: to swell, be bloated

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!ùʔúbú

!Kung (Weich): ɡ!uʔubu ǯee "sprout"

References : Dickens 214; Weich 56.

RefLex number: 531

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!uʔuni

Tonal pattern: LH [j]

Meaning: to tighten, make taut

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!ùʔúní

Leeunes : ɡ!ùʔúni

Mpunguvlei : ɡ!ùʔúni

Cuito : ɡ!ùʔúni

References : Dickens 214; Snyman 1997: 92.

RefLex number: 533

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!ubu

Tonal pattern: HH [j]

Meaning: plant species, melkbos, Sarcostemma viminale

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!úbú-ɡ!ùbù (n3 -si)

References : Dickens 213.

RefLex number: 518

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!̯uʰ

Tonal pattern: XX [j]

Meaning: to sleep

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!ȕʰ // ɡ!ùì (n4 -si) "sleeping place of an animal"

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡǀǀŭ́

!Kung (Weich): ɡǀǀu "sleepy"

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ɡǀǀù ~ ɡǀǀò

Kavango : ɡǀǀȕ "be ill, be sleepy"

References : Bleek 534; Dickens 213; Heikkinen 1986; Weich 24.

RefLex number: 519

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!̯uiʰ (*!-)

Tonal pattern: XX [j]

Meaning: thumb

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!ȕȉʰ (n5 -si)

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡ!wi

Nogau : ɡǂŏu (?)

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡǀǀwí

References : Bleek 538, 648; Dickens 213; Snyman 24.

RefLex number: 522

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!Um

Tonal pattern: MH [k] ~ MH [e]

Meaning: to shave

Kavango : ɡ!óm̋

Ekoka : ɡ!ūḿ

Notes : Vowel quality is unclear (probably an erroneous transcription in one of the sources).

References : Heikkinen 1986; KH 130.

RefLex number: 3174

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!uri

Tonal pattern: XX [k] ~ LL [e]

Meaning: to fight

!Kung (Weich): ɡ!uli

!O!Kung (Bleek) : !gɔ̀lì

!O!Kung (Snyman): ɡ!ùlì

Kavango : ɡ!ȕrȉ

Ekoka : ɡ!ùlì

References : Bleek 385; Snyman 1980: 38; Weich 21.

RefLex number: 3047

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!xa

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ XX [k] ~ XX [e]

Meaning: to take out/off, remove

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!xà // ɡ!xà ɳ!àì "to become angry, growl (of a dog etc.)" (?); ɡ!xà-sí (n5) "manner of taking something out, off"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡ!xa

ǀǀAuǀǀen : !xaː

!Kung (Lloyd) : !xá

!O!Kung (Bleek) : !xā

Kavango : ɡ!xȁ

Ekoka : ɡ!xȁ

Tsumkwe : ɡ!xà

Tsintsabis : ɡ!xà, ɡǀǀxà

Okongo : ɡ!xà

Leeunes : ɡ!xà

Mpunguvlei : !xà

Cuito : !xà ~ !xā

Cuando : !xà

South Omatako : ɡ!xà

North Omatako : ɡ!xà

Kameeldoring : ɡ!xà

Lister : ɡ!xà

Notes : In Ekoka we also have a variant ɡ!̯xȁ (= *ɡǂxa), possibly a contamination with some other source (or just an erroneous transcription).

References : Bleek 496; Dickens 214; Heikkinen 1986; KH: 131; Snyman 55; Snyman 1997: 49, 79.

RefLex number: 537

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!xare

Tonal pattern: LH [j]

Meaning: to cut open (an animal), operate (surgically)

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!xàré

!Kung (Lloyd) : ǂxárre "to make a hole" (?)

Tsumkwe : ɡ!xàré

Okongo : !xàrè

Mpunguvlei : ǂxàrè (?)

Cuito : ǂxàrè (?)

Cuando : ǂxàrè (?)

Kameeldoring : ɡ!xàré

References : Bleek 678; Dickens 214; Snyman 1997: 50.

RefLex number: 538

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!xãũʰ

Tonal pattern: XL [j]

Meaning: a k. of plant (Lapeirousia bainesii)

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!xã̏ũ̀ʰ (n5)

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡ!xẽũ

References : Dickens 214; Snyman 55.

RefLex number: 540

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!̯xʼa

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: rough, coarse, spiky

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!xʼà // ɡ!xʼà (n5 -si) "thorn"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡ!xʼaa

!Kung (Lloyd) : n̰ǀǀkáˤ "rough"

!O!Kung (Snyman): ǀǀxʼàa "be coarse"

Tsumkwe : ɡ!xʼà

Tsintsabis : ɡ!̄xʼà

Okongo : ǀǀxʼà

Leeunes : ɡǀǀxʼà

Mpunguvlei : ǀǀxʼà

Cuito : ǀǀxʼà

Cuando : ǀǀxʼà

South Omatako : ɡ!xʼà

North Omatako : ɡ!xʼà

Kameeldoring : ɡ!xʼà

Lister : ɡ!xʼà

References : Bleek 150; Dickens 211; Snyman 55; Snyman 1980: 16; Snyman 1997: 50.

RefLex number: 463

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!̯xʼa

Tonal pattern: LH [j] ~ MM [k] ~ MM [e]

Meaning: rib

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!xʼàá (n5 -si) // ɡ!xʼàá-!ʼúá (n5 -si) "rib bone"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡ!xʼa-!ʼuwa

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡ!aː // pl. ɡ!aː-si

Nogau : ǂkhasi // dasi (?)

!Kung (Lloyd) : ǀǀxʼá-ssiŋ "ribs"

!Kung (Doke): !̯ʼa

Kavango : ɡǀǀxʼá

Ekoka : ɡǀǀxʼā

Tsumkwe : ɡ!xʼàá

Tsintsabis : ɡǀǀxʼàa

Leeunes : ɡǀǀxʼà

Mpunguvlei : ǀǀxʼà

Cuito : ǀǀxʼà

Cuando : ǀǀxʼà

Lister : ɡ!xʼàá

Notes : Class 4.

References : Bleek 22, 374, 505, 603, 661; Dickens 211; Heikkinen 1986; KH 132; Snyman 55; Snyman 1997: 50.

RefLex number: 464

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!xʼabi

Meaning: to stretch oneself

Kavango : ɡ!xʼa̋bi̋ "coil oneself"

Ekoka : ɡ!xʼábí

References : Heikkinen 1986; KH 131.

RefLex number: 3176

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!xʼo

Tonal pattern: LH [j] ~ MM [e] ~ MM [k]

Meaning: to be pregnant

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!xʼòó

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡ!xʼoo

!Kung (Doke): !ʼoː ~ ɳ!ʼoː

!O!Kung (Snyman): !xʼòo

Kavango : ɡ!xʼó

Ekoka : ɡ!xʼō

Tsumkwe : ɡ!xʼòó

Tsintsabis : ɡ!xʼòo

Okongo : !xʼòo

Leeunes : !xʼò

South Omatako : ɡ!xòo

North Omatako : ɡ!xòó

Kameeldoring : ɡ!xòó

Lister : ɡ!xòó

References : Bleek 150, 489; Dickens 211; Heikkinen 1986; KH 131; Snyman 55; Snyman 1980: 47; Snyman 1997: 50.

RefLex number: 471

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!xʼoa

Tonal pattern: XX [k] ~ LX [e]

Meaning: to turn one's head

Kavango : ɡ!xʼȍa

Ekoka : ɡ!xʼòȁ

References : Heikkinen 1986; KH 131.

RefLex number: 3177

Proto-Ju: *ɡ!xʼõũ

Tonal pattern: LH [j] ~ LL [k] ~ LL [e]

Meaning: to stretch oneself

Juǀʼhoan : ɡ!xʼũ̌

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ɡ!xʼõ

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡ!ũ "to stretch"

!Kung (Lloyd) : ɡ!ṍ ~ ɡ!ũ̌

!Kung (Doke): !ʼoŋ

!O!Kung (Snyman): !xʼõ̀

Kavango : ɡ!xʼũ̀

Ekoka : ɡ!xʼùŋ

Tsumkwe : ɡ!xʼõ̀ṍ

Tsintsabis : ɡ!xʼõ̀ṍ

Okongo : !xʼõ̀õ

Leeunes : ɡ!xʼṹ

Mpunguvlei : !xʼõ̀õ

Cuito : !xʼõ̀õ

Cuando : !xʼõ̀õ

South Omatako : ɡ!xòo

North Omatako : ɡ!xòó

Kameeldoring : ɡ!xòó

Lister : ɡ!xòó

Notes : The root exhibits a variety of irregular vocalic correspondences involving both labial vowels and both segmental (Ekoka) and suprasegmental nasalization; in order to somehow reflect them, a provisional reconstruction *-õũ is set up. Note also the "broken" tonal pattern (probably relevant).

References : Bleek 382, 387, 491; Dickens 212; Heikkinen 1986; KH 131; Snyman 55; Snyman 1980: 14; Snyman 1997: 50.

RefLex number: 475