North Khoisan etymology : Query result

Proto-Ju: *gom

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LL [k]

Meaning: to swallow

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : gòm // gòm dàʔá "to struggle, have problems, suffer"

!Kung (Lloyd) : ggɔ́mm

!Kung (Weich): gum

Kavango : gòm

Tsumkwe : gòm

Tsintsabis : gòm

Okongo : gòm

Leeunes : góm

Mpunguvlei : góm

Cuito : góm

Cuando : góm

South Omatako : gòˤm

North Omatako : gòm

Kameeldoring : gòˤm

Lister : gòm

Notes : The pharyngealized vowels in South Omatako and Kameeldoring are irregular, but considering that the word is to be compared with !Xóõ qûm 'suck out and swallow', it cannot be excluded that these dialects thus preserve traces of the original uvular consonant.

References : Bleek 48; Dickens 201; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 1997: 42; Weich 17.

RefLex number: 233

Proto-Ju: *gu

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ HH [k] ~ HH [e]

Meaning: to dig, build

Juǀʼhoan : gú

ǀǀAuǀǀen : gu

!Kung (Lloyd) : gù

!Kung (Weich): gú

!O!Kung (Bleek) : gu

Kavango : gű "dig, pitch"

Ekoka : gú ɡ!xȁ "dig out"

References : Bleek 49; Dickens 202; KH 130; Heikkinen 1986; Weich 17.

RefLex number: 248

Proto-Ju: *gu

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LL [k] ~ LL [e]

Meaning: to take, catch

Juǀʼhoan : gù

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): gu

ǀǀAuǀǀen : gu

!Kung (Lloyd) : gú ~ ggú ~ gúwa

!Kung (Doke): guː

!Kung (Vedder): gùː

!Kung (Wilhelm): gu

!Kung (Weich): gu

!O!Kung (Bleek) : gu

Kavango : gù

Ekoka : gù ~ gú

References : Bleek 49; Dickens 202; Heikkinen 1986; KH 130; Snyman 3; Weich 16.

RefLex number: 249

Proto-Ju: *gu

Tonal pattern: LH [j] ~ LH [k]

Meaning: sheep

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : gùú (n2 -si) // gùú-dí (n2 -sĩ) "ewe"; gùú-ɡ!ȍˤ, pl. gȕȕ-ɳǀǀȁèˤ (n2) "ram"; gùú-mà, pl. gùúmʰí (n2) "lamb"; gùú-dòrò (n3 -si) "plant sp., Helinus spartioides" (?); gùú-ǀàbà (n3 -si) "hat (wide-brimmed kind)" (?)

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): gʰuu

!Kung (Lloyd) : gù

!O!Kung (Bleek) : gu

!O!Kung (Snyman): gūù

Kavango : gùű

References : Bleek 50; Dickens 202; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 20; Snyman 1980: 49.

RefLex number: 258

Proto-Ju: *gũ

Tonal pattern: LH [j] ~ LM [k] ~ XL [e]

Meaning: to be very hungry

Juǀʼhoan : gũ̌

!Kung (Weich): gũṹ

!O!Kung (Snyman): gũ̄ù "be hungry"

Kavango : gũ̀ṹ "like, love" (W)

Ekoka : gȕhùŋ "like, love"

References : Dickens 202; Snyman 1980: 7; Weich 18.

RefLex number: 260

Proto-Ju: *gui

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ HH [k]

Meaning: salt

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : gúí (n3)

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): gwi

!Kung (Lloyd) : gwì

!Kung (Weich): gui

!O!Kung (Bleek) : gwi

!O!Kung (Snyman): gui

Kavango : gűi

Tsumkwe : gúi

Tsintsabis : gúi

Okongo : gúi

Mpunguvlei : gúi

Cuito : gùí ~ gúi

Cuando : gùí ~ gúi

North Omatako : gúi

Kameeldoring : wí

Notes : Unclear elision of g- in the Kameeldoring area.

References : Bleek 53; Dickens 202; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 24; Snyman 1980: 48; Snyman 1997: 38, 42; Weich 17.

RefLex number: 252

Proto-Ju: *gumi ~ *gome

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ LL [k] ~ LL [e]

Meaning: cow

Juǀʼhoan : gúmí (n3) // gúmí-dí / (n2 -sĩ) "cow"; gúmí-mà, pl. gúmí-mʰí (n2) "calf"; gúmí-ɡ!ȍˤ, pl. gúmí-ɳǀǀȁèˤ (n2) "bull"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : gome ~ gume

!Kung (Lloyd) : goḿmi

!Kung (Doke): gumi

!Kung (Vedder): gòme

!Kung (Wilhelm): gŭmiː

!Kung (Weich): gumi

!O!Kung (Bleek) : gòmi ~ gumi

Kavango : gùmì

Ekoka : gùmì, pl. gùmí "cattle" // gùmì-dē "cow"

Various addenda: Passarge (!Kung): gome.

Notes : Class 1. The word is probably of CK origin (PKK *goma) and the two vocalic variants may reflect different stages of borrowing.

References : Bleek 48, 51; Dickens 202; Heikkinen 1986; KH 130; Weich 17.

RefLex number: 254

Proto-Ju: *guni

Tonal pattern: XL [j] ~ XL [e] ~ LH [Sn.]

Meaning: to hunt

Juǀʼhoan : gȕnì // gȕnì-xʼàò (n1 -si) "hunter"; gȕnì-sí (n5 -si) "hunting place"

!Kung (Lloyd) : ggɔńni ~ guǹni

!Kung (Weich): guni

Ekoka : gʰȕnì ú

Tsumkwe : gūnì

Tsintsabis : gūnì

Leeunes : gūnì

Mpunguvlei : gùní

Cuito : gùní

Cuando : gùní

Kameeldoring : gùní-ší

References : Bleek 49, 51; Dickens 202; KH 129; Snyman 1997: 42; Weich 17.

RefLex number: 256

Proto-Ju: *!̯ʔŋ

Meaning: to strike with assegai

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Tsumkwe : !ʼã́ĩ

Tsintsabis : !̯ʔàng

Okongo : ǀǀʼang

Leeunes : !̯ʔáng

Mpunguvlei : ǀǀʼáng

Cuito : ǀǀʼáng

Cuando : ǀǀʼáng

South Omatako : !ʼàng

North Omatako : !ʼàng

Kameeldoring : !ʼàng

Lister : !ʼã̀ĩ

References : Snyman 1997: 81, 95.

RefLex number: 3079

Proto-Ju: *!̯ʔu

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LL [k] ~ LL [e]

Meaning: bat-eared fox

Juǀʼhoan : !ʼù (n2)

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): !ʼu

ǀǀAuǀǀen : !uː "silver fox"

Kavango : ǀǀʼù

Ekoka : ǀǀʼù

Various addenda: Shortridge (!Kung): !u.

Notes : Class 1.

References : Bleek 492; Dickens 325; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 54.

RefLex number: 2537

Proto-Ju: *ha

Tonal pattern: XX [j] ~ XX [k] ~ XX [e]

Meaning: 3rd person pronoun sg. (class Ia, Ib, Ic acc. to Snyman)

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : hȁ

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ha

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ha // emph. hai

!Kung (Lloyd) : ha

!Kung (Doke): ha ~ haːhŋ

!Kung (Vedder): hà

!Kung (Wilhelm): haː ~ hăxen

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ha

!O!Kung (Snyman): ha

Kavango : hȁ

Ekoka : hȁ

References : Bleek 54-55; Dickens 218; KH 132; Snyman 86; Snyman 1980: 40.

RefLex number: 619

Proto-Ju: *ha

Tonal pattern: XX [j]

Meaning: which? what?

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : hȁ-žòè, pl. hȁ-žũ̀ĩ̀ "who?" // hȁ-čé ~ hȁ-čĩ̏ĩ̀ "what?"

!Kung (Lloyd) : a

!Kung (Vedder): a

Tsumkwe : hà-žòe "who?"

Tsintsabis : hà-ǯùwá "who?"

Okongo : hà-ǯùwa "who?"

Leeunes : hà-ǯùwá "who?"

Mpunguvlei : hà-ǯùwá "who?"

South Omatako : a-ǯoe(re) "who?"

North Omatako : hà-zóe "who?"

Kameeldoring : hà-žóe "who?"

Lister : hà-zóe "who?"

References : Bleek 4; Dickens 218; Snyman 1997: 53.

RefLex number: 622

Proto-Ju: *ha

Meaning: to come

!O!Kung (Bleek) : hà

References : Bleek 54.

RefLex number: 3066

Proto-Ju: *!ã

Tonal pattern: HH [j]

Meaning: side

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : !ã́ (n5 -si) // !ã́-sĩ́ (n1) "and company, and the others"; !ã́-cʼí (n5 -si) "direction, side"

References : Dickens 311.

RefLex number: 2234

Proto-Ju: *!ã

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LL [e]

Meaning: to wait

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : !ã̀

!Kung (Lloyd) : !a ~ !ã

Ekoka : k!ã̀

Tsumkwe : !ã̀

Tsintsabis : !ã̀

Okongo : !ã̀

Leeunes : !ã̀

Mpunguvlei : !ã̀

Cuito : !ã̀

Cuando : !ã̀

South Omatako : !ã̀ṹ

Kameeldoring : !ã̀

Lister : !ã̀

References : Bleek 400; Dickens 311; KH 134; Snyman 1997: 96.

RefLex number: 2235

Proto-Ju: *!ã

Meaning: ear (outer?)

!O!Kung (Bleek) : !kã "outer ear"

Mpunguvlei : !ã

Cuito : !ã

Cuando : !ã

South Omatako : !ã

North Omatako : !ã

Kameeldoring : !ã

References : Bleek 402; Snyman 1997: 84.

RefLex number: 3090

Proto-Ju: *!̯a (?)

Meaning: to be wounded

!Kung (Doke): !̯a

References : Bleek 506.

RefLex number: 3136

Proto-Ju: *!aʔami

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: to be in a circle; circle

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : !àʔàmì // (n5 -si) "circle"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : !amma ~ !am "to wind round"

References : Bleek 406; Dickens 312.

RefLex number: 2267

Proto-Ju: *!abi

Tonal pattern: HH [j]

Meaning: to roll together (e.g. a set of bedding)

Juǀʼhoan : !ábí

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): !ebi

!O!Kung (Snyman): !àbí

Tsumkwe : !ábí

Tsintsabis : ǂábé (?)

Okongo : !ábí

Leeunes : !̯ʰábì

Mpunguvlei : !ábí

Cuito : !ábí

Cuando : !ábí

South Omatako : !ábí

North Omatako : !ábí

Kameeldoring : !àmí

Lister : !ábí

References : Dickens 309; Snyman 36; Snyman 1980: 9; Snyman 1997: 97.

RefLex number: 2200

Proto-Ju: *!abi

Tonal pattern: HL [j]

Meaning: to mount, ride

Juǀʼhoan : !ábì // !àbì-xʼàò (n1 -si) "rider (of an animal)"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): !ebi

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ɡ!abbi

!Kung (Lloyd) : !ábbi // !àˤbbi "to stand upright"

Tsumkwe : !àbì

Tsintsabis : !àbì

Okongo : !àbì

Leeunes : !àbì

Mpunguvlei : !àbì

Cuito : !àbì

Cuando : !àbì

South Omatako : !àbì

North Omatako : !àbì

Kameeldoring : !àbì

References : Bleek 375, 403; Dickens 309; Snyman 17; Snyman 1997: 97.

RefLex number: 2201