North Khoisan etymology : Query result

Proto-Ju: *!ʰao (*!̯-?)

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: to sharpen digging stick with an adze

Juǀʼhoan : !ʰàò "to sharpen (a digging stick); (?) to realise, discover"

!Kung (Doke): !ʰau "to sharpen"

Kavango : ǀǀʰáo "hoe" (?)

Tsumkwe : !ʰào

Tsintsabis : ǀǀʰao

Okongo : ǀǀʰào

Leeunes : !ʰào

South Omatako : !ʰào

North Omatako : !ʰào

Kameeldoring : !ʰào

References : Dickens 313; Bleek 424; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 1997: 95.

RefLex number: 2277

Proto-Ju: *!ʰara

Tonal pattern: HH [j]

Meaning: to burst open

Juǀʼhoan : !ʰárá "to burst, explode; be ripped open (of land after ploughing); start (of a car etc.)"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): !ʰara

!Kung (Doke): !ʰala

!Kung (Vedder): !àrà

Tsumkwe : !ʰárá

Tsintsabis : !ʰárá

Leeunes : !ʰárá

South Omatako : !ʰárá

North Omatako : !ʰárá

Kameeldoring : !ʰárá

Lister : !ʰárá

Notes : ?Cf. Angolan !Xũ !ʰàbà id.?

References : Bleek 409, 424; Dickens 313; Snyman 48; Snyman 1980: 10; Snyman 1997: 94.

RefLex number: 2279

Proto-Ju: *!ʰari

Tonal pattern: HH [j]

Meaning: shade, shadow

Juǀʼhoan : !ʰárí (n5 -si) "shadow, shade; (?) duiker (praise)" // !ʰárí "to be in the shade"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : !ári-se

Nogau : kʰari

!O!Kung (Bleek) : !ána

References : Bleek 89, 407, 409; Dickens 313.

RefLex number: 2281

Proto-Ju: *!ʰora

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: to beat flat

Juǀʼhoan : !ʰòàrà

References : Dickens 313.

RefLex number: 2284

Proto-Ju: *!ʰu

Tonal pattern: HH

Meaning: horn

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : !ʰú (n5 -si) "horn, whistle" // (?) !ʰú-ɡǀàm-!ó-!ò (n3 -si) "flame thorn tree, Acacia ataxacantha"; !ʰú-!àʔú (n2) "head of cattle"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): !ʰu

ǀǀAuǀǀen : !uː ~ !úː

!Kung (Lloyd) : !ʰú ~ !u ~ !xŭ́

!Kung (Doke): +!̯u

!Kung (Wilhelm): !uː

!O!Kung (Bleek) : !ʰú

Tsumkwe : !ʰú

Tsintsabis : !ʰú

Okongo : !ʰú

Leeunes : !ʰú

Mpunguvlei : !ʰú

Cuito : !ʰú

Cuando : !ʰú

South Omatako : !ʰú

North Omatako : !ʰú

Kameeldoring : !ʰú

Lister : !ʰú

Various addenda: Passarge (ǀǀAuǀǀen): $n$ku.

References : Bleek 429, 447-8, 470, 502, 689; Dickens 313; Snyman 72; Snyman 1997: 95.

RefLex number: 2286

Proto-Ju: *!ʰũ

Tonal pattern: HH [j]

Meaning: to kill

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : !ʰṹ "to kill, murder, extinguish (a fire)" // !ʰṹ-xʼàò (n1 -si) "killer, murderer"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): !ʰũ

ǀǀAuǀǀen : !ũ

!Kung (Lloyd) : !ʰũ̀ ~ !ʰúŋ ~ !xũ̀

!Kung (Doke): !ʰũː

!O!Kung (Bleek) : !ũ ~ !xũ

!O!Kung (Snyman): !ʰũ

Kavango : !ʰũ̋

Ekoka : !ʰṹ (!ʰúŋ)

Tsumkwe : !ʰṹ

Tsintsabis : !ʰṹ

Okongo : !ʰṹ

Leeunes : !ʰṹ

Mpunguvlei : !ʰṹ

Cuito : !ʰṹ

Cuando : !ʰṹ

South Omatako : !ʰṹ

North Omatako : !ʰṹ

Kameeldoring : !ʰṹ

Lister : !ʰṹ

References : Bleek 429, 447, 502; Dickens 314; Heikkinen 1986; KH 82; Snyman 3; Snyman 1980: 19; Snyman 1997: 95.

RefLex number: 2290

Proto-Ju: *!ʰui

Tonal pattern: HH [j]

Meaning: hemp

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : !ʰúí (n5 -si) "mother-in-law's tongue, Sanseveria aethiopica; string, rope (esp. that which is made from this plant), trap; telephone" // (?) !ʰúí (n4) "beads, decoration made with (strung) beads"; (?) !ʰúí-dòm (n3) "small shrub with magical properties which is used in hunting"; !ʰúí-ǀóá-kú-čȁm-čȁm (n3) "plant sp., Eriospermum bakeranum"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): !ʰwi "telephone"

!O!Kung (Snyman): !ʰúi "string"

References : Dickens 313; Snyman 56; Snyman 1980: 10.

RefLex number: 2288

Proto-Ju: *!̯hã

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ MM [k]

Meaning: son, child

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : !ʼʰã́ (n1 -sĩ)

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): !ʼʰã

ǀǀAuǀǀen : !ʼʰãː

!Kung (Lloyd) : !̯ʼʰã̌ ~ !̯ʼʰa ~ ǀǀʰã̀ ~ ǀǀʼã̀

!Kung (Vedder): !ʼʰãː

!Kung (Wilhelm): !ʼʰaː

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ǀǀʼʰã

!O!Kung (Snyman): ǀǀʼʰã̀

Kavango : ǀǀʼʰã́

Tsumkwe : !ʼʰã́

Tsintsabis : !̯ʼʰã

Okongo : ǀǀʼʰã́

Leeunes : !ʼʰã̀

Mpunguvlei : ǀǀʼʰã̀

Cuito : ǀǀʼʰã̀

Cuando : !ʼʰã̀

South Omatako : !ʼʰã̀

North Omatako : !ʼʰã̀

Kameeldoring : !ʼʰã̀

Lister : !ʼʰã̀

References : Bleek 394, 506, 514, 539; Dickens 323; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 56; Snyman 1980: 3; Snyman 1997: 94.

RefLex number: 2485

Proto-Ju: *!hã (?)

Meaning: cold

!Kung (Doke): !hãː

RefLex number: 3128

Proto-Ju: *hi

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: 3rd person pronoun, sg. & pl. (sg.: class Id ("it"), pl.: class Ib, Id acc. to Snyman)

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : hì // hì-sì "ones (possd. pron. pl. referring to n1, n2, n4)"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): hi

ǀǀAuǀǀen : hi

!Kung (Lloyd) : hi

!O!Kung (Bleek) : hi

References : Bleek 61; Dickens 218; Snyman 86.

RefLex number: 631

Proto-Ju: *hĩ

Tonal pattern: XX [j]

Meaning: gecko

Juǀʼhoan : hĩ-̏hĩ̏ (n2)

References : Dickens 218.

RefLex number: 634

Proto-Ju: *!̯khau

Meaning: locust

ǀǀAuǀǀen : !hàù "locust" // !gaˤu "beetle" (?)

!Kung (Lloyd) : !gaˤŭ́ "migratory locust"

!Kung (Doke): !̯khau

Various addenda: Passarge (ǀǀAuǀǀen): $hau.

References : Bleek 378, 396, 470, 688.

RefLex number: 3049

Proto-Ju: *!̯o

Tonal pattern: HH [j]

Meaning: elder brother

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : !ó (n1 -sĩ) // !óá-kʰòè kò "to be in a sibling relationship with each other (in which one sibling is an older brother)"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): !o

!Kung (Lloyd) : ǀǀʰo

!Kung (Vedder): ɡ!õː

Kavango : ǀǀó

Tsumkwe : !ó

Tsintsabis : ǀǀó

Okongo : ǀǀó

Leeunes : !̯ó

Mpunguvlei : ǀǀó

Cuito : ǀǀó

Cuando : ǀǀó

South Omatako : !ó

North Omatako : !ó

Kameeldoring : !ó

Lister : !ó

References : Bleek 383, 575; Dickens 315; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 18; Snyman 1997: 96.

RefLex number: 2317

Proto-Ju: *ho

Tonal pattern: XX [j] ~ XL [k] ~ XL [e]

Meaning: to find; to get

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : ho

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): ho "to see"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : hoː

!Kung (Doke): hoː

!Kung (Vedder): hôː

!O!Kung (Snyman): hō

Kavango : hȍò

Ekoka : hȍhò

Tsumkwe : ho

Okongo : haŋ

Mpunguvlei : háŋ

Cuito : háŋ

Cuando : háŋ

References : Bleek 62; Dickens 219; Heikkinen 1986; KH 132; Snyman 3; Snyman 1980: 8; Snyman 1997: 53.

RefLex number: 635

Proto-Ju: *ho

Tonal pattern: XL [j]

Meaning: to bear fruit, be ripe

Juǀʼhoan : hȍò

Tsumkwe : hòó

Tsintsabis : hòó

Okongo : hòó

Leeunes : hòó

Mpunguvlei : hòó

Cuito : hòó

Cuando : hòó

South Omatako : hòó

North Omatako : hòó

Kameeldoring : hòó

Lister : hòó

References : Dickens 219; Snyman 1997: 52.

RefLex number: 639

Proto-Ju: *!o

Meaning: cloud

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

!Kung (Weich): ɡǀǀom

!O!Kung (Bleek) : !kɔm, pl. !kɔli

References : Bleek 1929: 29; Weich 24.

RefLex number: 3070

Proto-Ju: *!õ

Meaning: springbok

ǀǀAuǀǀen : !kõ

Various addenda: Passarge (ǀǀAuǀǀen): $kunuŋ. Shortridge (ǀǀAuǀǀen): !gũ-b.

Notes : Apparently only attested in //Au//en. Shortridge's form with -b shows that it might actually be a Nama word, although in Nama the click is lateral (ǀǀgû-b). Unclear.

References : Bleek 388, 436, 689.

RefLex number: 3159

Proto-Ju: *!o (?)

Meaning: seed(s)

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

!O!Kung (Bleek) : !kɔ́

References : Bleek 1929: 72.

RefLex number: 3133

Proto-Ju: *!oa

Tonal pattern: HH [j]

Meaning: to command, tell

Juǀʼhoan : !óá

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): !wa

!Kung (Doke): !wa

References : Bleek 457; Dickens 315; Snyman 24.

RefLex number: 2319

Proto-Ju: *!̯oaˤ (?)

Tonal pattern: XX [j] ~ XX [k] ~ LL [e]

Meaning: honey-guide

Juǀʼhoan : !ȍȁˤ (n2)

Kavango : ǀǀȍaˤ

Ekoka : ɳǀǀòālà

Notes : The presence of nasalization in Ekoka !Xung is puzzling.

References : Dickens 315; Heikkinen 1986; KH 137.

RefLex number: 2326