North Khoisan etymology : Query result

Proto-Ju: *mi ~ *ma

Tonal pattern: HH [j]

Meaning: I, 1st person pr.

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : mí

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): mi

ǀǀAuǀǀen : m ~ me ~ mi ~ mu

!Kung (Lloyd) : mé ~ mi ~ mĩ ~ m

!Kung (Doke): m̀ ~ mī ~ mīhī

!Kung (Vedder): mʔ ~ mi

!Kung (Wilhelm): meː ~ me ~ mi ~ mʔxen

!O!Kung (Bleek) : m ~ me ~ mi

!O!Kung (Snyman): ma ~ mi

Kavango : má ~ mi̋

Ekoka : mā ~ mí

Notes : The relations between this labial-based pronoun and occasional forms with other nasals (e. g. the possessive prefix ŋ= 'my' in Doke's !Kung) are unclear.

References : Bleek 131-132, 136, 137, 139; Dickens 235; Heikkinen 1986; KH 44-45; Snyman 86; Snyman 1980: 41.

RefLex number: 892

Proto-Ju: *na

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LL [k] ~ LL [e]

Meaning: to give

Juǀʼhoan : nà "give me!; (dat. pr.) for me, to me"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): na

ǀǀAuǀǀen : na

!Kung (Lloyd) : ná

!Kung (Doke): nāː

!Kung (Vedder): naː

!Kung (Wilhelm): na sĭn "let see"

!O!Kung (Bleek) : na

!O!Kung (Snyman): nà "give to me"

Kavango : nà "give me"

Ekoka : nà "give me" // nèʔè "give"

References : Bleek 141; Dickens 236; Heikkinen 1986; KH 135; Snyman 47; Snyman 1980: 7.

RefLex number: 895

Proto-Ju: *naʔm

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: ostrich

Juǀʼhoan : nàʔm (n2) "black korhaan, Afrotis afra" // nàʔm-!ʼʰáú-!ʼʰáú (n2) "dikkop, Burhinus capensis"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): nemʔm "id."

!Kung (Lloyd) : nʔamm̀ ~ nʔʌḿm ~ nĕʌḿm "ostrich"

Kavango : nàʔm̋ "ostrich"

Ekoka : naʔm̄

Tsintsabis : nàm̀ḿ

Okongo : nàḿm̀

Leeunes : nām̄m̀

Mpunguvlei : nām̄m̀

References : Bleek 142; Dickens 236; Heikkinen 1986; KH 46; Snyman 47; Snyman 1997: 81.

RefLex number: 903

Proto-Ju: *nabo

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: to gather (veldfood for a few days)

Juǀʼhoan : nàbò

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): nabo

ǀǀAuǀǀen : nabbo

References : Bleek 142; Dickens 236; Snyman 36.

RefLex number: 900

Proto-Ju: *naˤni

Tonal pattern: XL [j] ~ ML [k]

Meaning: needle

Juǀʼhoan : nȁˤnì ~ nã́ĩ́ ~ nĩ̀ (n3 -si)

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): naˤni

!Kung (Lloyd) : nănni

Kavango : nánì

Ekoka : nã̄nī (1)

Tsumkwe : nāˤnì

Tsintsabis : nànì

Okongo : nànì

Leeunes : nàn

Mpunguvlei : nàni

South Omatako : nan

North Omatako : nání

Kameeldoring : nání

Lister : nĩ̀

References : Bleek 143; Dickens 236, 237; Heikkinen 1986; KH 46; Snyman 47; Snyman 1997: 56.

RefLex number: 901

Proto-Ju: *nam

Tonal pattern: HH [j]

Meaning: lamp, lantern, torch

Juǀʼhoan : nám (n3 -si)

Ekoka : nām (1)

References : Dickens 236; KH 45.

RefLex number: 905

Proto-Ju: *nani ~ *nini

Tonal pattern: HH [j]

Meaning: mosquito

Juǀʼhoan : náníbè (n2)

!Kung (Doke): nāɺĩ̄vī

Ekoka : nĩ́ní-mà / nĩ́ní-m̏ʰè (1)

References : Bleek 143; Dickens 236; KH 46.

RefLex number: 906

Proto-Ju: *nau

Meaning: mushroom

!Kung (Doke): nǎuː

Tsintsabis : nāú

Leeunes : nàú

South Omatako : nàú

North Omatako : nàú

Kameeldoring : nàú

Notes : Cf. *dʰau id.; dialectal variants of the same root?

References : Bleek 144; Snyman 1997: 39.

RefLex number: 2994

Proto-Ju: *nãũ

Tonal pattern: XL [e]

Meaning: hare

!Kung (Lloyd) : nã́ũ̀ ~ nːṍũ̀

Ekoka : nʰȁù ~ nʰã̏ũ̀ (1)

Mpunguvlei : nãṹ

Cuito : nãṹ

References : Bleek 144, 149; KH 46; Snyman 1997: 93.

RefLex number: 2995

Proto-Ju: *ntʰari

Tonal pattern: XL [j] ~ LL [k]

Meaning: tongue

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : dʰȁrì (n5 -si)

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): dʼʰeri

ǀǀAuǀǀen : tarí

!Kung (Lloyd) : tɛ́rri

!Kung (Doke): n_tʰālī

!Kung (Vedder): tàri

!Kung (Wilhelm): tắriː ~ tĭri

!O!Kung (Bleek) : tali

!O!Kung (Snyman): tʰārì

Kavango : dʰà^rrì

Ekoka : d̀tʰàlì (4)

Tsumkwe : dʰārì

Tsintsabis : tʰàrì

Okongo : tʰàrì

Leeunes : dʰàrè

Mpunguvlei : tʰàrì

Cuito : tʰàrì

Cuando : tʰàrì

South Omatako : dʰàrì

North Omatako : dʰàrì

Kameeldoring : dʰàrí

Lister : dʰàrí

Notes : As is the standard situation elsewhere in Khoisan (and beyond Khoisan as well), the word features severe consonantal irregularities. The fluctuation between all four possible variants of the dental stop (t, tʰ, d, dʰ) is not easily explained, nor is the prenasalisation in Doke's n_tʰali; the latter may, in fact, be archaic, given the presence of nasal articulation in potentially related words for 'tongue' outside NK.

References : Bleek 149, 189, 193, 198, 203; Dickens 195; Heikkinen 1986; KH 24; Snyman 40; Snyman 1980: 53; Snyman 1997: 39.

RefLex number: 131

Proto-Ju: *ŋ

Meaning: no

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ŋ̀ŋ́

!Kung (Lloyd) : ŋ-ŋ̀

References : Bleek 148.

RefLex number: 2998

Proto-Ju: *o

Tonal pattern: HH [j]

Meaning: to be

Juǀʼhoan : ó

Tsumkwe : ò

Tsintsabis : òa

Okongo : òa

Leeunes : òwà ~ wá

Mpunguvlei : òwá ~ wá

Cuito : òwá ~ wá

South Omatako : ò

North Omatako : ō

Kameeldoring : ò

Lister : o

References : Dickens 259; Snyman 1997: 64.

RefLex number: 1345

Proto-Ju: *o

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: to do, make

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : òò // òò-sí (n5 -si) "habit, custom, way of doing something"; òò-à-sì (n5) "doings, tracks"

!Kung (Lloyd) : ó

!Kung (Vedder): ɔ̂ː ~ gɔ̂ː

Ekoka : ȍ

References : Bleek 47, 152; Dickens 259; KH 138.

RefLex number: 1347

Proto-Ju: *=ha

Tonal pattern: HH [j]

Meaning: adv. suffix (past tense?)

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : kàˤá-há "already"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ha "past tense marker"

References : Bleek 54; Dickens 224.

RefLex number: 2809

Proto-Ju: *=si

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: pl. suffix

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : =sì

References : Dickens 263.

RefLex number: 1401

Proto-Ju: *=sĩ

Tonal pattern: HH [j]

Meaning: plural suffix with kin-terms, and some adjectives, and when suffixed to names, having the significance "...and company"

Juǀʼhoan : =sĩ́

References : Dickens 1994: 263.

RefLex number: 1403

Proto-Ju: *sa

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ MM [k] ~ MM [e]

Meaning: they two, them two, their two

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : sà // sá "and" (nom. conj. dual)

Kavango : sá

Ekoka : šā

References : Dickens 262; Heikkinen 1986.

RefLex number: 1376

Proto-Ju: *sã

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: a k. of plant and powder made out of it

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : sã̀ (n4) "plant sp., Hemizygia bracteosa; powder made from this plant"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): sã "powder (body)"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : cã

!Kung (Lloyd) : sã́ "buchu"

!Kung (Doke): sã̄ "snuff"

References : Bleek 162, 210; Dickens 262; Snyman 44.

RefLex number: 1385

Proto-Ju: *saʔa

Tonal pattern: LH [j] ~ LM [k] ~ LM [e]

Meaning: to understand, hear, feel, smell

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : càʔá // cí=càʔá "to ask"; (n5 -si) "question"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): caʔa

ǀǀAuǀǀen : cá ~ čʼa

!Kung (Lloyd) : saa ~ sːaá ~ sá ~ ssá // ʒãˤ "all"

!Kung (Doke): sēʔà

!Kung (Vedder): ʒʼâ

!Kung (Wilhelm): ʒaː

!O!Kung (Bleek) : sáá

!O!Kung (Snyman): čàbà ~ càbà

Kavango : càʔá

Ekoka : čà ~ čàʔā

Tsumkwe : càʔá

Tsintsabis : sàʔá

Okongo : čàʔá

Leeunes : sàʔá

Mpunguvlei : càʔá ~ šàʔá

Cuito : sàʔá ~ šàʔá

Cuando : šàʔá ~ sàʔá

South Omatako : sàʔá

North Omatako : càʔá

Kameeldoring : càʔá

Lister : càʔá

References : Bleek 30, 162, 165, 210, 223; Dickens 275; Heikkinen 1986; KH 138; Snyman 25; Snyman 1980: 38; Snyman 1997: 69.

RefLex number: 1592

Proto-Ju: *saˤ

Tonal pattern: XX [j]

Meaning: to set (a dog on someone)

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : sȁˤ

Kavango : sàű

References : Dickens 262; Heikkinen 1986.

RefLex number: 1386