North Khoisan etymology : Query result

Proto-Ju: *sao (*š-)

Tonal pattern: LL [k] ~ LL [e]

Meaning: to arrive

Kavango : sào

Ekoka : šàò

References : KH 127.

RefLex number: 3160

Proto-Ju: *sara

Tonal pattern: XL [j]

Meaning: dust

Juǀʼhoan : sȁrà ~ cʰȁrà (n5 -si)

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): sara

Tsumkwe : cʰārà

Tsintsabis : cʰārà

Notes : Probably not of NK origin; rather a borrowing from Khoe (cf. Nama tsara- id.).

References : Dickens 262, 263; Snyman 44; Snyman 1997: 67.

RefLex number: 1388

Proto-Ju: *sau

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ MM [k]

Meaning: to roast

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : sáú

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): seu

ǀǀAuǀǀen : sau ~ so ~ sʔoː ~ šou

!Kung (Lloyd) : sau

!O!Kung (Bleek) : sau

!O!Kung (Snyman): saò ~ cʰào ~ čʰao

Kavango : sáo

References : Bleek 164, 171, 182; Dickens 262; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 44; Snyman 1980: 16, 48.

RefLex number: 1392

Proto-Ju: *sau

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LL [k] ~ LM [e]

Meaning: to shake off (?)

Juǀʼhoan : sàù "to throw up (sand)"

Kavango : sã̀u "shake off, sweep off"

Ekoka : šàū "comb (myself)"

Notes : The semantics is somewhat vague, but all the forms match well phonetically (except for Kavango nasalization).

References : Dickens 262; Heikkinen 1986.

RefLex number: 1393

Proto-Ju: *sãũ

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ MH [k] ~ LM [e] ~ HH [Sn]

Meaning: maize meal

Juǀʼhoan : sã̀ũ̀ (n4) "fine maize meal porridge" // sã̀ũ̀-xʼòà (n5 -si) "porridge pot"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): sẽu

!O!Kung (Snyman): šã̀ú "whole millet"

Kavango : sã́ű

Ekoka : šã̀ũ̄ "food"

Okongo : šã́u "ground mahango"

Mpunguvlei : šã́u "porridge"

Cuito : šã́u "porridge"

Cuando : šã́u "porridge"

Notes : Class 3.

References : Dickens 262; Heikkinen 1986; KH 127; Snyman 31; Snyman 1980: 44; Snyman 1997: 64.

RefLex number: 1395

Proto-Ju: *sʰaba

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ LL [e] ~ VAR [Sn]

Meaning: udder

Juǀʼhoan : sábá (n5 -si)

Ekoka : šàbà

Tsumkwe : sábá

Tsintsabis : cábá

Okongo : šábá

Leeunes : cʰábá

Mpunguvlei : cʰábá

South Omatako : sʰàbà

North Omatako : sʰàbà

Kameeldoring : sàbà

Lister : cʰábá

Notes : Class 4.

References : Dickens 262; KH 127; Snyman 1997: 73.

RefLex number: 1378

Proto-Ju: *sʰeŋ

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ HH [k] ~ HH [e]

Meaning: to look, see

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : sé "to look (at), look after, investigate"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): se

ǀǀAuǀǀen : seː ~ sɛː

!Kung (Lloyd) : ssíŋ

!Kung (Doke): sn_

!Kung (Vedder): snʔ

!Kung (Wilhelm): sĭn

!O!Kung (Bleek) : syŋ ~ siŋ ~ sŋ ~ hŋ

!O!Kung (Snyman): sĩ̋ŋ

Kavango : ha̋ŋ (W) ~ sa̋ŋ (E)

Ekoka : hŋ́ ~ hń

Tsumkwe : sé

Tsintsabis : sĩ́ ~ sãŋ ~ sàŋ

Okongo : háŋ

Leeunes : sã́ŋ ~ sáŋ

Mpunguvlei : sã́ŋ ~ háŋ

Cuito : sã́ŋ ~ sáŋ ~ šáŋ

Cuando : šĩ́ŋ

South Omatako : sʰĩ́ŋ

North Omatako : sʰé ~ sè

Kameeldoring : sè ~ sáŋ ~ sĩŋ

Lister : se ~ sè

References : Bleek 62, 165, 169, 171, 176; Dickens 263; Honken 1998: 175; KH 132; Snyman 16; Snyman 1980: 7; Snyman 1997: 53, 73.

RefLex number: 1397

Proto-Ju: *sʰi

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LL [k]

Meaning: to laugh

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : sì ~ cʰì "laugh (at), avoid ritually (certain foods), avoid alcohol (after having once drunk it)" // cʰì-xʼàò (n1 -si) "teetotaller"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): cʰi

ǀǀAuǀǀen : cí

!Kung (Lloyd) : sːi ~ si ~ ci

!Kung (Doke): siː

!Kung (Vedder): siː

!Kung (Wilhelm): ziː

Kavango : sì

Tsumkwe : cʰì

Tsintsabis : sī

Okongo : šī

Leeunes : sī

Mpunguvlei : sī ~ sì

Cuito : sì

Cuando : sī ~ čʰī ~ sì ~ šì

South Omatako : sī

North Omatako : sī

Kameeldoring : sī

Lister : cʰi

References : Bleek 168, 216, 264; Dickens 263, 275; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 40; Snyman 1997: 58, 67.

RefLex number: 1399

Proto-Ju: *sʰĩ

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ LL [k] ~ LL [e]

Meaning: younger brother/sister

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : sĩ́ ~ cʰĩ́ // cí-zĩ̀ (n1 - sĩ) "younger sister"; cʰĩ́ã́-kʰòè kò... "be in a sibling relationship with"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : cĩ ~ čĩ "brother" // ci-si "sister"

!Kung (Lloyd) : sĭn ~ sːiŋ ~ siŋ ~ tà=sːiŋ ~ cá=si ~ cá=sːi ~ cãu

!Kung (Vedder): càː=sn // pl. càː=snsn

!Kung (Wilhelm): sĭn ~ sːiŋ ~ siŋ

!O!Kung (Bleek) : cŋ ~ tahŋ ~ tasiŋ // ci-na "grandson" [?]

Kavango : cʰàŋ (E) ~ ṣːàŋ ~ ṣʰàŋ (W) ~ táhàŋ

Ekoka : tā-hŋ̀ "younger sister" // pl. tā-hŋ́

Tsumkwe : cʰĩ́

Tsintsabis : tàsĩ́ ~ cʰĩ́

Okongo : tàhãŋ ~ šĩ̀ŋ

Leeunes : tàsĩ̀ ~ cʰĩ̀

Mpunguvlei : tášĩ̀ ~ sĩ̀ŋ ~ čʰè

Cuito : tásĩ̀ ~ cʰĩ̀ŋ ~ cʰè

Cuando : táhĩ̀ŋ ~ tãsĩ̀ ~ čʰã̀ŋ ~ cʰè

South Omatako : sàŋ dímà

North Omatako : sàŋ dímà

Kameeldoring : sĩ̀ŋ ma !à

Lister : cĩ́zĩ̀

Various addenda: Honken (!Kung) tá-hàŋ.

Notes : Often used with the (pronominal?) prefix ta- in dialects, thus obscuring the original quality of the affricate.

References : Bleek 170, 188, 193, 212, 216, 218, 229; Dickens 263, 275, 276; Heikkinen 1986; Honken 1998:175; KH 62; Snyman 1997: 67.

RefLex number: 1404

Proto-Ju: *sʰũ

Tonal pattern: HH [j]

Meaning: to fart

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : sṹ ~ cʰṹ // (n5) "fart (n.)"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): cʰũ

Tsumkwe : cʰṹ

Tsintsabis : cʰáŋ

Okongo : šĩ́ŋ

Leeunes : cʰṹ

Mpunguvlei : sĩ́ŋ

Cuito : cʰṹ

Cuando : čʰṹ ~ sṹ ~ cʰṹ

South Omatako : sṹ

North Omatako : sṹ

Kameeldoring : sṹ

Lister : cʰṹ

References : Dickens 264, 275; Snyman 40; Snyman 1997: 67.

RefLex number: 1416

Proto-Ju: *sĩ (*š-)

Tonal pattern: MH [k] ~ MH [e]

Meaning: to cook

Kavango : sĩ́ĩ̋

Ekoka : šīi

References : Heikkinen 1986; KH 127.

RefLex number: 3161

Proto-Ju: *siŋ

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ XX [e] ~ VAR [Sn.]

Meaning: they (class Ia acc. to Snyman)

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : sì ~ sì-!á

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): si

ǀǀAuǀǀen : si

!Kung (Lloyd) : siŋ ~ sːiŋ ~ ciŋ

!Kung (Doke): sn_

!Kung (Vedder): sn̂ ~ sn

!O!Kung (Snyman): sĩ

Ekoka : šŋ̏

Tsumkwe : sì-!á

Tsintsabis : sì-!áo

Okongo : šì-!áo

Leeunes : sì-!áo

Mpunguvlei : sì-!áo

Cuito : čʰĩ̀ŋ

Cuando : sĩ̀ŋ ~ sĩ̀

South Omatako : sʰĩ̀-ɡ!áo

North Omatako : sì-!á

Kameeldoring : sì-ɡ!á

Lister : sì-!á

Notes : In some of Snyman's dialects the expected nasal articulation is missing, possibly due to the influence of the second syllable.

References : Bleek 168, 169, 171, 217; Dickens 263; KH 128; Snyman 16; Snyman 1980: 52; Snyman 1997: 73.

RefLex number: 1400

Proto-Ju: *sõã

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: to be soft, be easy, be cheap

Juǀʼhoan : sõ̀ã̀ // sõ̏ã̏-nà "to be over-ripe"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): swã

References : Dickens 263; Snyman 32.

RefLex number: 1407

Proto-Ju: *sõa (*š-)

Tonal pattern: MM [k] ~ MM [e]

Meaning: to refuse

Kavango : sṍa

Ekoka : šȭā

References : Heikkinen 1986; KH 127.

RefLex number: 3162

Proto-Ju: *soe (*š-)

Tonal pattern: LL [k] ~ LL [e]

Meaning: to treat, heal

Kavango : sòe

Ekoka : šòè

References : Heikkinen 1986; KH 128.

RefLex number: 3163

Proto-Ju: *soiˤ

Tonal pattern: XL [j]

Meaning: to file (wear away)

Juǀʼhoan : sȍìˤ // (n3 -si) "file"

References : Dickens 264.

RefLex number: 1412

Proto-Ju: *som ~ *ǯxoe

Tonal pattern: HH [j]

Meaning: to push, wear under the belt

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : sóm "to push, wear under the belt or the waist of one's trousers"

Kavango : ʒxòm "fix, tuck" ~ ʒxȍe "put in under one's belt"

Tsumkwe : sóm

Tsintsabis : ǯxóm

Okongo : čxóe

Leeunes : ǯxóm

Mpunguvlei : čxóe

Cuito : čxóe

Cuando : čxóe

South Omatako : ǯxòm

North Omatako : sʰóm

Kameeldoring : sòm

Lister : cxam

Notes : The correspondences are so twisted that the most reasonable explanation is contamination of two different roots.

References : Dickens 263; Heikkinen 1986; Snyman 1997: 73.

RefLex number: 1409

Proto-Ju: *soma

Tonal pattern: XX [j]

Meaning: to take (snuff), sniff

Juǀʼhoan : sȍmȁ // sȍmȁ-ǀxànà (n5 -si) "snuff-box, snuff-tin"

Tsumkwe : sūmā

Tsintsabis : súni (?)

Leeunes : súní (?)

South Omatako : sʰúní (?)

North Omatako : sʰòmà

Kameeldoring : súni (?)

Lister : sòmà

References : Dickens 263; Snyman 1997: 73.

RefLex number: 1410

Proto-Ju: *sura (*š-)

Tonal pattern: HL [k] ~ HL [e]

Meaning: to throw away, reject (sg. action)

Kavango : sűrà

Ekoka : šúlà, šóálà

References : Heikkinen 1986; KH 128.

RefLex number: 3164

Proto-Ju: *ša

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: sweet potato, Vigna lobatifolia

Juǀʼhoan : šà // šà-!ʰú (n5) "bean"

!Kung (Lloyd) : šáä "the root of a creeper named kani"

!Kung (Weich): ša "veld sweet potato"

References : Bleek 177; Dickens 191; Weich 5.

RefLex number: 64