North Khoisan etymology : Query result

Proto-Ju: *tĩ

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ HH [k] ~ MH [e]

Meaning: to ask

Juǀʼhoan : tĩ̀ // (n5 -si) "question"

!Kung (Vedder): diː

!O!Kung (Bleek) : ti-sa

Kavango : tĩ̋ĩ̋

Ekoka : tĩ̄ĩ́

References : Bleek 25, 204; Dickens 272; Heikkinen 1986; KH 69.

RefLex number: 1533

Proto-Ju: *tiʰ

Tonal pattern: XX [j] ~ XX [k] ~ XX [e]

Meaning: heavy

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : tȉʰ // tiha (n5) "weight"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : ti

Nogau : ti "rich"

!Kung (Lloyd) : tí ~ tːí

Kavango : tȉ

Ekoka : tȉhì "heavy" // tȉì "be heavy"

References : Bleek 201; Dickens 272; Heikkinen 1986; KH 69.

RefLex number: 1532

Proto-Ju: *to

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ MM [k] ~ MM [e]

Meaning: to be straight, go straight, go straight ahead

Juǀʼhoan : tò // tò-sí (n5 -si) "straightness, straightforwardness, honesty"; tò-tò "to straighten (tr.)"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : to

!Kung (Lloyd) : tó ~ tò

Kavango : tó

Ekoka : tō

References : Bleek 205; Dickens 272, 273, 274; Heikkinen 1986; KH 69.

RefLex number: 1550

Proto-Ju: *tõʔã

Tonal pattern: XX [j]

Meaning: cucumber

Juǀʼhoan : ki=tȍʔã̏ (n3) "food plant, Coccinea sessilifolia" // kìtòʔã́-ǀʰó (n5 -si) "place where C.s. grows"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : dõã ~ toa

References : Bleek 27, 206; Dickens 228.

RefLex number: 778

Proto-Ju: *toʔa

Tonal pattern: LH [j] ~ LL [k]

Meaning: to go to, arrive at

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : tòʔá

ǀǀAuǀǀen : twa

!Kung (Lloyd) : toa ~ tu̯a ~ tu̯á

!Kung (Doke): tūʔā ʔūː

!Kung (Wilhelm): tŏă

!O!Kung (Bleek) : toa

Kavango : tòʔà "go"

Ekoka : túʔà "go!"

References : Bleek 206, 240, 243; Dickens 274; Heikkinen 1986; KH 70.

RefLex number: 1569

Proto-Ju: *tõã

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ MM [e]

Meaning: to be finished, come to an end

Juǀʼhoan : tõ̀ã̀ // tõ̀ã̀-dísí (n5 -si) "end, last thing"; tõ̀ã̀-sí (n5 -si) "ending, finish"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : toa

!Kung (Lloyd) : tu̯a ~ tu̯ã ~ tu̯ã̀ ~ toa

!O!Kung (Bleek) : toa

Kavango : tóa "be finished"

Ekoka : tȭã̄ "finish; completive marker"

Notes : Cf. Ekoka tõ̀ã̀ "to stay for a short time"; different root?

References : Bleek 206, 243; Dickens 272, 273; Heikkinen 1986; KH 69.

RefLex number: 1552

Proto-Ju: *toˤ

Tonal pattern: XX [j]

Meaning: ashes

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : tȍˤ (n5 -si) // tȍˤ-ɡǂũ̏ã̀ (n5 -si) ~ tȍˤ-tȁˤmsí (n5 -si) "ash heap"; tȍˤ-tã́ (n5 -si) "ashtray"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): toˤ

ǀǀAuǀǀen : tɔɔː

Nogau : do

!Kung (Lloyd) : tːɔː ~ tó // toˤ "woodashes"

!Kung (Doke): twã̄ː "tinder" (?)

!Kung (Vedder): tõàː "tinder" (?)

!Kung (Wilhelm): doː

!O!Kung (Snyman): tāoˤ-tāoˤ

References : Bleek 206, 208, 243; Dickens 273; Snyman 38; Snyman 1980: 33.

RefLex number: 1560

Proto-Ju: *toˤ

Tonal pattern: XX [j] ~ LL [e]

Meaning: non-stinging honey-making bee sp.

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : tȍˤ (n2)

ǀǀAuǀǀen : tɔː "honey; bee"

!Kung (Lloyd) : tɔ "sweet food from a flying insect, found in a tree"

Kavango : tòˤ "wild bee species"

Ekoka : tòˤ "bee, honey" (1)

References : Bleek 206, 208; Dickens 273; Heikkinen 1986; KH 70.

RefLex number: 1561

Proto-Ju: *toʰ

Tonal pattern: XX [j]

Meaning: to thread (beads, etc.); have more than one wife

Juǀʼhoan : tȍʰ // tȍʰ-xʼàò (n1 -si) "bigamist, polygamist"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : tɔka "to thread"

References : Bleek 207; Dickens 273.

RefLex number: 1554

Proto-Ju: *tu ~ *ti

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LL [k] ~ LL [e]

Meaning: to look for, seek

Juǀʼhoan : tù

!Kung (Lloyd) : tù ~ tu

!Kung (Vedder): dûː

!O!Kung (Bleek) : tu

!O!Kung (Snyman): tù

Kavango : tì ~ tù

Ekoka : tì

Leeunes : tū

Mpunguvlei : tù ~ tū

Cuito : tū

Cuando : tū

Notes : Cf. also Ekoka tì "verbal purpose marker"?

References : Bleek 28, 239; Dickens 277; Heikkinen 1986; KH 69; Snyman 1980: 48; Snyman 1997: 55, 88.

RefLex number: 1625

Proto-Ju: *tUʔm

Tonal pattern: LH [j] ~ MH [k] ~ MH [e]

Meaning: near

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : tòʔm "be nearby" // tòʔm-á "be near to, be close to"

ǀǀAuǀǀen : tɔm ~ toma ~ tum ~ dom

!Kung (Lloyd) : tamma ~ tːʼumm ~ tuḿma

!Kung (Vedder): dom

!Kung (Wilhelm): tŭm

!O!Kung (Bleek) : tum

!O!Kung (Snyman): tòm̀ʔṁ

Kavango : tóʔm̋

Ekoka : tōʔḿ ~ gè tōʔḿ-ā "be near"

References : Bleek 27, 191, 207-8, 241; Dickens 274; Heikkinen 1986; KH 70; Snyman 1980: 45.

RefLex number: 1571

Proto-Ju: *tUʰm

Tonal pattern: XX [j]

Meaning: to hunt

Juǀʼhoan : tȍʰm

ǀǀAuǀǀen : tːumm

!Kung (Wilhelm): deʔŭ́m

!O!Kung (Bleek) : tum

References : Bleek 24, 241; Dickens 273.

RefLex number: 1555

Proto-Ju: *tuiʰ

Tonal pattern: XL [j]

Meaning: to rise, get up, go up, stand up (pl. action)

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : tȕìʰ

ǀǀAuǀǀen : tʔoi

!Kung (Lloyd) : dwì ~ dúì "to arise, go out, fly up"

!Kung (Vedder): dǔi "to arise, go out, fly up"

Ekoka : tȕhì

Notes : Cf. also Ekoka túítúí, Ovambo tűitűi 'to come out (of smoke)'; same root with tonal gradation?

References : Bleek 29, 207; Dickens 277; KH 64.

RefLex number: 1627

Proto-Ju: *tuni

Tonal pattern: XLL [j]

Meaning: gravy, sediment of fine meat

Juǀʼhoan : tȕùnì (n5 -si)

References : Dickens 277.

RefLex number: 1634

Proto-Ju: *txa

Tonal pattern: HH [j] ~ MM [k] ~ MM [e]

Meaning: to hit (by shooting or throwing)

Juǀʼhoan : txá // txá-sí (n5 -si) "the place where an arrow or bullet hit"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): txa

ǀǀAuǀǀen : txaː ~ txa

!Kung (Lloyd) : txa

!Kung (Doke): txā

!O!Kung (Bleek) : txa

!O!Kung (Snyman): txá

Kavango : txá

Ekoka : txā (txā ǀǀʰāmà, tkā)

Tsintsabis : txá

Okongo : txá

Leeunes : txá

Mpunguvlei : txã

Cuito : txá

Cuando : txá

North Omatako : txá

Lister : txá

References : Bleek 244-45; Dickens 277; Heikkinen 1986; KH 70; Snyman 3; Snyman 1980: 6; Snyman 1997: 81.

RefLex number: 1636

Proto-Ju: *txʼani

Tonal pattern: HH [j]

Meaning: to bury oneself (of a frog hibernating, or a springhare fleeing a predator)

Juǀʼhoan : txʼání

Tsumkwe : txʼání

Tsintsabis : xʼání

Okongo : xʼání

Leeunes : xʼání

Mpunguvlei : xʼání

Cuito : xʼání

South Omatako : txʼànì

North Omatako : txʼànì

Kameeldoring : txʼànì

Lister : tàˤʔi (?)

References : Dickens 272; Snyman 1997: 66.

RefLex number: 1545

Proto-Ju: *txʼare

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: to eat meat from bone

Juǀʼhoan : txʼàrè "tear (meat from a bone)"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): txʼare

Ekoka : txʼòlò "gnaw" // txʼòlò ḿ "eat meat from a bone"

Tsumkwe : txʼàrè

Leeunes : cʼàré

Cuito : cʼàrè ʔḿ

Cuando : cʼàrè ʔḿ

South Omatako : cʼàrè

North Omatako : txʼàrè

Kameeldoring : càré

Lister : txʼàrè

References : Dickens 272; KH 71; Snyman 39; Snyman 1997: 66.

RefLex number: 1546

Proto-Ju: *txʼa[ri]

Tonal pattern: LL [j] ~ LH [k] ~ LH [e]

Meaning: to feel weak

Juǀʼhoan : txʼȁ "feel weak, be lazy" // txʼàrì "feel weak, be lazy; loll (of one's neck)"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): txʼeri

Kavango : tʰà^rri̋

Ekoka : tʰàlí "weaken, be slow, stagger"

Tsumkwe : txʼàrì

Tsintsabis : cʼàrè

Okongo : txʼàrè

Leeunes : txʼàrì

Mpunguvlei : tʰàrí

Cuito : tʰàrí

Cuando : tʰàrí

South Omatako : txʼàrì

North Omatako : txʼàrì

Kameeldoring : txʼàrì

Lister : txʼàrì

References : Dickens 272; Heikkinen 1986; KH 69; Snyman 39; Snyman 1997: 66

RefLex number: 1543

Proto-Ju: *txʼona

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: to fold, twist

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : txʼoànà "fold into (e.g. a seam of clothing)"

Juǀʼhoan (Snyman): txʼwana "to insert (under belt)"

!O!Kung (Snyman): txʼoana "twist around"

References : Dickens 272; Snyman 39; Snyman 1980: 6.

RefLex number: 1547

Proto-Ju: *txom

Tonal pattern: LL [j]

Meaning: to pull closed (e.g. a slip-knot)

Peripheral Khoisan etymology: Peripheral Khoisan etymology

Juǀʼhoan : txòm // txóm-á "thread closed (e. g. the abdomen of a slaughtered animal, with a stick or thread); thread (through holes, e. g. shoelaces), darn"

Tsumkwe : txòm

Tsintsabis : txòm

Okongo : txòm

Leeunes : txòm

Mpunguvlei : txòm

Cuito : txòm

Cuando : txòm

South Omatako : txóm

North Omatako : txóm

Kameeldoring : txóm ~ xóm

Lister : txóm

References : Dickens 277; Snyman 1997: 66.

RefLex number: 1641