South Khoisan (!Wi subgroup) etymology : Query result

Proto-!Wi : *xoro

Meaning : cattle

|Xam : xoro (B., Ll.)

|Nusan : xoro

Notes : An unclear cultural term with no etymology.

References : Bleek 260.

Proto-!Wi : *xu

Meaning : face

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : x`ú, emph. x`úkǝn (B.); x`ŭ́ (Ll.); x`ŭ́-x`ŭ́ "surface" (Ll.)

//Ng : =xu

N|huki : xu

#Khomani : xu (Mg.)

//Xegwi (Batwa) : xū "head"; xu (LH)

|Auni : =xu(u) "head"

|Haasi : xɔ

References : Bleek 261-2; LHa 103; Maingard 245; NFn.

Proto-!Wi : *xu

Meaning : to leave; to stop

|Xam : x`u (B.), x`u, x`úwa (Ll.)

#Khomani : xu, xū, xūwa (Mg.)

Notes : Good parallels in CK (PCK *xu id.), but complete lack of parallels in closer related languages may hint at borrowing.

References : Bleek 260-61; Maingard 246.

Proto-!Wi : *χa

Stems : *xa-ẽ

Meaning : mother

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : x`oá, emph. x`oákǝn, pl. x`oákǝngu (B.); chóa (Lich.); x`óä, pl. x`óäkǝnggŭ (Ll.)

//Ng : xeiŋki, xēŋki (short term xa)

#Khomani : xaŋkje (Mg.)

//Xegwi (Batwa) : xoa; xwa (LH)

|Nusan : xoa

References : Bleek 255, 256, 258, 259-60; LHa 103; Maingard 239.

Proto-!Wi : *ʒe

Meaning : to fly

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

N|huki : zḛa

|Auni : -ze

References : Bleek 264; NFn.

Proto-!Wi : *ʒe

Meaning : stone

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

//Xegwi (Batwa) : ʒe

References : Bleek 265.

Proto-!Wi : *ʒhua

Meaning : inside

|Xam : dzhu̥áịítǝn-ttŭ́ (Ll.)

References : Bleek 35.

Proto-!Wi : *|ʔa

Meaning : long, big, tall

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

//Ng : |ā "long"

N|huki : ŋ̊|ʔãã "long, tall"

//Kxau : |ʔā "long"

//Xegwi (Batwa) : |ā "big"; |ŋaa "be long"

|Auni : |ãsi

References : Bleek 267, 270; LHa 116; Meinhof 1929: 186; NFn.

Proto-!Wi : *|ʔa

Stems : *|ʔã "to kill" (?)

Meaning : to die

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : |ā (B.); |a, |à (Ll.)

//Ng : |ā

N|huki : ŋ̊|ʔaa, |ʔaa

#Khomani : |ʔa (Dk.); |a (Mg.)

//Kxau : |ʔa

//Ku//e : |a

!Gã!ne : |ā "to die", |ã "to kill"

//Xegwi (Batwa) : |ā

|Auni : |ã

|Nusan : |a

References : Bleek 267; Meinhof 1929: 187; NFn.

Proto-!Wi : *|ʔe

Meaning : fire

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : |i (B.); |i, |ḗ (Ll.)

//Ng : |i

N|huki : ŋ̊|ʔi

#Khomani : |ʔi (Mg.)

//Kxau : |ʔi⁺

//Ku//e : |e; |i (B.)

Seroa : |ei

!Gã!ne : |i; |ā "to burn" (?)

//Xegwi (Batwa) : |e, |i ; |ʔe (LH)

|Auni : |i

|Haasi : |i

|Nusan : |ī

Notes : The !Gã!ne form |a "burn" is unclear. On one hand, it has no other etymology, but on the other hand, the difference in vocalism is unclear (the form *|a for this root is very clearly a Taa, not a !Wi, feature).

References : Bleek 267, 271, 272, 292; LHa 105; Meinhof 1929; 185; NFn.

Proto-!Wi : *|ʔe

Meaning : to go down, set, go into

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : |ē, |ēya (B.), |ḗ, |ĕ, |ḗya (Ll.)

//Ng : |ē, |e, |ēja

N|huki : ŋ̊|ʔeeja "enter, come in"; ŋ̊|ʔee "set, go down (of sun, moon)"

#Khomani : |ʔei, |eija, |ʔeiha (Mg.)

//Kxau : |ʔē "to go in"; |ẽ se "come in"

//Xegwi (Batwa) : |e, |ē, |ewa

|Auni : |e

References : Bleek 271, 272, 306; \X<1.144>NFn; Maingard\x 247.

Proto-!Wi : *|ʔɛ

Stems : *|ʔɛ̥-ni

Meaning : tongue

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

//Ng : |ẽ, pl. |ēnjǝn

N|huki : ŋ̊|ʔǝn

//Kxau : |ʔa-na-n-si

|Auni : |ãri

Khatia : |aa, |ḁ^ŋa

References : Bleek 268, 269, 271, 272, 293, 300, 310, 343; Meinhof 1929: 188; NFn.

Proto-!Wi : *|ʔi (?)

Meaning : earth

//Xegwi (Batwa) : |ʔii (LH)

Notes : Not met outside ||Xegwi.

References : LHa 100.

Proto-!Wi : *|ʔo̰ã

Meaning : hare

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Xam : |ọ́ã, |ó^ŋạ̈ (B.), |ó^ŋä, |óä^ŋ (Ll.)

References : Bleek 355.

Proto-!Wi : *|ʔU

Stems : *|ʔu-ri; *|ʔu-ni; *|ʔu-m

Meaning : hard, strong

|Xam : |úrrīya (B.); |u̥érrīya, |u̥érrĭyă (Ll.)

//Kxau : |ʔonenti, |ʔŏ_ni, |ʔuni

References : Bleek 359, 362, 368.

Proto-!Wi : *|ʔu[-ba]

Meaning : not to know

//Ng : |ūwa

#Khomani : |ʔūwa (Mg.)

//Kxau : |ʔū

|Auni : |uwa

Notes : Possibly borrowed from CK.

References : Bleek 357, 360; Maingard 245.

Proto-!Wi : *|ʔue

Meaning : to shoot

//Ng : |wē

#Khomani : |ʔue (Mg.)

//Ku//e : |wẽ

|Auni : -|gwa

References : Bleek 284, 358, 361; Maingard 245.

Proto-!Wi : *|ʔ(u)i

Meaning : diarrhea

N|huki : |ʔii-ke, |ʔui-ke

References : NFn.

Proto-!Wi : *|ʔu[-ri]

Meaning : short

Bushman etymology : Bushman etymology

|Haasi : |ɔ̃ si

References : Bleek 362, 368; Story 22.

Proto-!Wi : *|a

Stems : *|a-u

Meaning : to carry

//Ng : |kau, |kauwa "to bring, carry"

|Auni : |kaku "to carry (on back)"

References : Bleek 299-300, 303.