Avar-Andian etymology : Query result

Protoform: *nVḳ:ʷV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: pine-tree

Avar: naḳ:

Comments: Av. paradigm A (náḳ:i-l, náḳ:a-l).

Protoform: *nVƛ:V

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: yesterday evening, yesterday night

Avar: noƛ:

Protoform: *nV(r)q:ʷV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: cave, cavern

Avar: noq:ó

Chadakolob: noqó

Comments: Av. paradigm C (noq:ó-dul, nóq:a-l; but Chad. B: noqó-l, noqó-jal). Av. (dial.) > Gin. noqi 'cavern'.

Protoform: *nV(r)χV ( ~ -q-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 butter, oil 2 fat

Avar: naχ 1,2

Chadakolob: naħ 1

Comments: Av. paradigm C (naχú-l, náχa-l, Chad. gen. naħú-l/niħí-l). Not clear is the relationship between this Av. form and Akhv. ĩχʷa, Tseg. iχʷan, Tl. iχʷam, Ratl. iχʷami 'boiled butter'.

Protoform: *nVs:V

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: thistle

Akhvakh: nas:i

Comments: Attested only in Akhvakh, but having probable external parallels.

Protoform: *nVsV- (*ʔVnsV-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: cucumber

Andian language: unsozĩw

Comments: The Andian word, cited from Khaidakov, was modified under folk-etymological influence: the word means literally 'ox'+'cow' (unso-zĩw).

Protoform: *-o

Meaning: lative

Avar: (-0)

Andian language: -o

Akhvakh: -a

Tindi: -a, -i (= essive)

Botlikh: -a

Bagvalal: -i, -a (= essive)

Godoberi: -a, -i, -u, -o (= essive)

Protoform: *-o

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 imper. trans. 2 imper.

Andian language: -o (nas. -on) 1

Akhvakh: -a 2

Chamalal: -a (nas. -ã) 1

Tindi: -a (nas. -ã) 1

Karata: -a 2

Botlikh: -a 1

Bagvalal: -a (nas. -ã)

Godoberi: -a (nas. -ã) 1

Protoform: [*-oʎ-]

Meaning: causative in aorist and derived forms

Andian language: -oʎ- (nas. -onʎ-)

Protoform: *-ol-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: causative gener.

Andian language: -ol- (nas. -on-)

Chamalal: -al- (nas. -an-)

Tindi: -al- (nas. -an-)

Bagvalal: -al- (nas. -an-)

Godoberi: -al- (nas. -an-)

Protoform: *-ontV- ( /-intV-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 soft 2 liquid 3 wet 4 to warm up (a liquid)

Andian language: b-itom 3

Akhvakh: tanta-b 1 (Tseg.)

Chamalal: tantu 2 (Gig.)

Tindi: anta- 4

Godoberi: tantu 2

Comments: Most forms are reduplicated; cf. also Cham. itã- 'to thaw, melt'; Tind. titin- 'to drizzle'.

Protoform: *=aʔV

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 face 2 edge 3 sharp

Avar: beʕ 1,raʕ-ál 2

Chadakolob: raʕá-l 2

Andian language: lel 2

Akhvakh: =aʕa-da-be 3

Chamalal: baj 1

Tindi: bā 1

Karata: baʕa 1, reʕil 2

Botlikh: baj 2

Bagvalal: baʕa 1

Comments: One of the roots with (historically) changing class prefixes. Note that the formation with the inanimate prefix *r- is usually accompanied by the suffix *-Vl (*r-aʔV-l > Av. raʕál, And. lel ( < *r-aʔil), Kar. reʕil (but cf. also Kar. Anch. raʔa-ʎa id.). The Andi word also means 'mountain'.

The same root serves as stem for the adjective "sharp" *-aʔV(-rV) > Av. -eʕéra-, And. -ari, Akhv. -aʕa-da-be (Tseg., Tlan. -aʕa-, Ratl. -eʔa-da-). Av. raʕal > And. rahal, Bezht. (Khosh., Tlad.) räʕäl, Gunz. raʕal 'edge'.

Protoform: *=acVn

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to measure

Avar: =orcn-

Chadakolob: =oršn-

Andian language: =asin-

Akhvakh: =ačun-

Chamalal: =asVn-

Tindi: =asĩ-

Karata: =asan-

Botlikh: =asVn-

Bagvalal: =asã-

Godoberi: =asã-

Protoform: *=ač- ( ~ -o-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to carry

Avar: =ač:-

Chamalal: =ač-id-

Comments: A case of the correspondence Av. č: : PA *č (from PEC *čw in tense words).

Protoform: *=ačʷ- (~-o-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 splash 2 rinse 3 wash, bathe 4 to flow 5 liquid

Avar: čʷal- 1,čuča- 2

Chadakolob: čur- 3

Andian language: a=č-3, čabd-1,4

Akhvakh: čab- 3

Chamalal: šalu- 5

Tindi: =ačʷ-, čʷab-d-4

Karata: čočab- 2

Comments: PA "stem I" *=ačʷ- (~ -o-) is reflected only in Tind. (=ačʷ- "to flow, spread (about the surface)"). Other languages (and also Tind.) reflect the PA "stem II" *čʷV- with suffixes (*čʷVl-, *čʷV-b-, *čʷV-r-) or the reduplicated stem *čʷVčʷV- (sometimes also with a suffix: *čʷVčʷV-b-). Besides the forms listed above cf. also: Av. čur- 'to wash', čor-dé- 'to bathe'; Cham. še-d- 'to pour, strew'; PA *=ičʷV-n- 'to wash' > Cham. =išʷVn- (Gig. =učVn-), Tind. =ičʷṼ-, Kar. =ičʷan-. Cf. also a derived noun: PA *čʷa(r)čʷa ( ~ o) 'waterfall' (Tind. čʷačʷa, Kar. čʷarčʷa, God. čorča). Cham. > Inkh. šallu 'liquid (adj.)' (quite isolated among Tsezian).

Protoform: *=ac̣- ( ~ -oc̣-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to drive, urge; to swarm (bees) 2 to reach

Avar: =ac̣- 1

Chamalal: =ac̣- 1

Tindi: =ac̣- 1

Comments: In Av. the verb also means "to forge, hit, fight", but this is most probably a fortuitous homonymy. Cf. also Cham. Gig. =az- 'to reach'. Perhaps (with old Ablaut) we should add here also Cham. =uc̣- 'to run away' (*'be driven').

Protoform: *=ac̣:Vn- (~-o-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to clean 2 clean, pure

Avar: =ac̣:n- 1

Andian language: =erc̣:om 2

Akhvakh: =ac̣:onu= 1

Chamalal: =aṣa-da= 2

Tindi: =ac:a-hi= 1

Karata: =ac̣:a-do= 2

Botlikh: c̣:in-ḳir 2

Bagvalal: =ac̣:a-ra= 2

Godoberi: c̣in-ḳi 2

Comments: Cf. also Av. =ac̣:a-da= 'clean', Akhv. =ac̣:a-da=, Tseg., Tl., Ratl. =ac̣:an-da= id., Tind. =ac:a-ja= id. etc. The adjective in all languages is a derivate of the verbal stem. Av. > Inkh. bac̣c̣ada-b, Gin. bac̣adaw.

The Botl. and God. forms go back to a suffixed *c̣:in-ḳV; cf. also Kar. Anch., Tok. c̣:inḳu= 'clean, pure'.

Protoform: *=ajčʷ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to untie, unbind 2 to unwind, unreel

Avar: =ič- 1,2

Chadakolob: =ič- 1

Andian language: =ajč- 1

Chamalal: =aš- 1,2

Tindi: =ačʷ- 2

Comments: Cf. perhaps also Kar. =ič- in a compound verb =ič-anxʷ- 'to knit' (the second part is PA *=oxʷVn- q.v.).

Protoform: *=aḳ:ʷV(n) ( ~ -o-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to rumple, crumple 2 to knead 3 to rub

Avar: ḳ:ʷa- 1

Chadakolob: =uḳéḳn- 2

Andian language: ḳ:ʷar-d- 2

Tindi: =ak:ʷĩ- 2

Karata: ḳ:ʷar- 1,2

Comments: An expressive verbal root. The Chad. reduplication exactly matches lit. Avar =uḳ:=uḳ:n- (a reduplicated stem with double class prefixes) 'to become rumpled, crumpled'. Besides the forms cited cf. also Av. =uḳ:n- 'to be rumpled, crumpled', Tind. =ak:ʷa-š:- 'to rumple', Kar. ḳ:ʷar-aš:-, Archo., Anch. =eḳ:ʷa-š:-, Tok. ḳ:ob- 'to rumple, to knead'; Akhv. (Tseg.) iḳ:ʷar- 'to rub', And. č̣:an-d- 'to rub', Cham. ṣan- (Gig. =ac̣:a-h-), Tind. ḱ:an- id. As seen from the data, following stems are represented: a) *=aḳ:ʷVn- (stem I) / *ḳ:ʷan- > *ḳ:an- (stem II); b) *ḳ:ʷa-r- / *ḳ:ʷa-b- (also *ʔiḳ:ʷa-r- in Akhv.); c) *=Vḳ:ʷa-š:- / *ḳ:ʷar-aš:-

It is possible that several roots (all with a tense root obstruent ḳ: or ḳ:ʷ) are mixed together here, but there is absolutely no possibility to distinguish between them.

Protoform: *=aʎ- ( ~ -o-, -ƛ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to become liquid (after shaking) 2 to rain

Avar: =iʎ- 1

Karata: =aʎ- 2

Comments: Cf. also (with reduplication) Av. ʎaʎá- 'to water, sprinkle'.