Значение:1 to cut 2 cut into small parts 3 cut lengthwise
Аварский:s:u- 1, =us:- 2
Чадаколоб:sijsí-n q̇uṭ- 2
Чамалинский:=is:ʷṼ- 3
Тиндинский:=us:ĩ- 3
Каратинский:=urs:an- 2
Комментарии: Cf. also Cham. Gig. =us:Ṽ-, Kar. Arch., Masht., Chab. =is:ʷ- (NB: without the secondary nasal conjugation present in Kar. proper and other Andian languages). Av. s:u- reflects stem II; Av. =us:- and all Andian forms - stem I.
Комментарии: The stem is probably an old compound of *=is:- ( = PL *=as:ar-) and *=it- 'to let' (q.v.), with a special development of the specific cluster *-s:t-.
Комментарии: The Cham. form goes back to *gʷ-išV- with an obscure (expressive?) prefix; the reflex -šh- is also exceptional (normally *-š- > Cham. -h-). Cf. also Akhv. Tseg., Tlan. =ešel-da-b, Ratl. =išel-da-b 'large'; Cham. Gig. =iši 'big' (used only in plural).
Комментарии: Av. =at- reflects "stem 1", te- - "stem 2". The back vowel in Akhv. (cf. also Tseg., Tl. ut-) is not clear; perhaps it reflects an old Ablaut grade *ut-, attested also in Cham. =ut- 'to sit (down)', Tind. =ut- 'to release, untie'.
The vowels *-i- and *-e- are not usually distinguished in PA; but in this verbal root they seem to distinguish the transitive stem ("to leave") from the intransitive ("to stay; to get lost, disappear"). Cf. Akhv. ot- 'to leave' : =it- 'to lose (in a game)'; Kar. =it- 'to leave' : =et- 'to get lost'; Cham., Tind. =et- 'to leave' : =it- 'to get lost; (in Tind. also) to lose (in a game)'. We must probably reconstruct a single stem *=it- with later differentiation in individual languages.
Комментарии: The Av.-Andian languages reflect basically two stems:
1) "stem I" *=it-, sometimes with reduplication *=itit-;
2) "stem II" *tʷir-: besides Tind. tor-d- this stem is also reflected in Av. tur-, And. tur-d-, Kar. tor- 'to rot'.
As seen from external evidence, the root originally ended in -r-; therefore, occasional forms in -n (Av. Chad. =etn-, Cham. tan-) must be secondary.
A derivate from this verbal root is *ʔonto ( ~ a) (probably < *ʔortV-n with a nasal metathesis and Ablaut): cf. Tind. ata 'sour milk', Bagv. Kvan. anta, Tlond. ata id., Cham. Gig. anta 'sour cream'. Another derivate is reflected in Avar: Av. betá 'sour milk'.
Значение:1 to fly 2 to run 3 to fall; to rush upon
Аварский:=ort- 3
Ахвахский:=et- 2
Чамалинский:=et- 1
Тиндинский:=etʷ- 1
Каратинский:ertan- 1
Комментарии: In Av. and Kar. there is an infixed -r- (old durative); origins of the -n-conjugation in Kar. are unclear. The original meaning was probably 'to beat, attack' > 'rush upon' > 'fly' (cf. the external evidence).
Комментарии: The stem is actually verbal, cf. Av. =iṭ- 'to straighten, become straight', and forms meaning 'straight' or 'correct' are participial or deverbal. Cf. also Kar. Tok. =iṭu-bal, Tind. =iṭu- 'right (of direction)', Tind. =iṭiʁ- 'to stand upright' (a compound with -iʁ- 'to stand'). Av. > Bezht. biṭarab, Inkh. biṭṭura-.
Значение:1 to tear off, break off 2 pull, pluck 3 slaughter
Аварский:=eṭ- 2, ṭe- 1
Чадаколоб:ṭoṭó- 3
Ахвахский:=aṭ- 1,2
Чамалинский:=iṭʷ- 1
Тиндинский:=eṭʷ- 1
Каратинский:=iṭʷ- 1,2
Комментарии: Cf. also Cham. Gig. =uṭ- 'to tear off', Kar. Anch., Rach. ṭir-, Tok. ṭel- 'to tear'. Kar. ṭir- and Av. ṭe- reflect stem II *ṭi(r)-, all other forms - stem I *=iṭʷ-. A reduplicated stem is present in Av. Chad. ṭoṭó- = Av. lit. ṭeṭé-,ṭuṭú- 'to tear into several parts, break apart' ( = Tind. =eṭuṭ- id.).
Комментарии: Stem I is reflected in Akhv. (=eṭʷ-), stem II (sometimes with a -r-suffix) in other languages (it also occurs in Akhvakh dialects: Tseg., Ratl. ṭor- 'to drop, drip'). There also exists a reduplicated stem *ṭʷVṭʷ- > Tind. ṭoṭ- 'to drop, drip', Cham. ṭeṭi-d- id., Kar. ṭʷaṭʷa-r- 'to drip, flow'.
Комментарии: Cf. also Akhv. Tseg., Tlan. ʕišow, Ratl. išo-daw 'herdsman', Kar. Tok., Arch. etc. ixʷa, Cham. Gig. iha, Bagv. Tlis. ixʷa, Kvan. iχʷa id. The Andian form is a compound χoro- 'sheep' + *ʔiš(ʷ)a 'herdsman'. Av. paradigm B (pl. ʕux-bí). Initial w- in Av. is most probably a class prefix (but the nature of ʕ- appearing in the plural form is yet to be determined). The verb stem is reduplicated in Av. and Cham. Some Andian languages have borrowed the Av. verb (in this way we must explain Akhv. =ixix-, And. Mun. kix-, Bagv. xix-, see Gudava 1964, 152). Av. wex > Bezht. (Tlad., Khosh.) wekä, Gunz. wexa.
Комментарии: Cf. also Akhv. reχe (Tseg., Tlan. reχer) 'bundle, pack', Kar. riher id. The listed forms reflect the PA verb *=iχ- (sometimes with Ablaut: *=aχ- (~ =oχ-)) and the PA derivate *r-iχi-r 'load'. On Av. hir 'sack, load' see under *χ_[ä]lʔV.
The Andian languages also reflect a root *=uχ- 'to take away, carry away' (And., Cham., Tind. =uχ-), reflecting another old Ablaut grade of the same verbal stem.
Комментарии: Most of the forms are quoted from Лексика 1971; they seem, however, well recorded (except Tind. raχir which is obviously a misspelling instead of *raχ:ir). The Av. parallel to PA *r-iχ:V-r 'diarrhea' is Av. ríχ:e-l id., which was borrowed in Tsezian languages (Tsez. reχel, Gin. reχel / riχel, Gunz. riχil).
There exists also a PA form *ʔinχ:u (Tind. unχ:i 'faeces', Akhv. ĩχ:u 'diarrhea') which indicates that the root once had a medial resonant, that was lost in the verbal stem.
