Комментарии: Cf. also. Akhv. Ratl., Tlan. req̇eb, Tseg. reʔeb, Cham. Gig. rella. All forms except the Akhv. go back to a suffixed form *riq̇ib(V)-lV; in Tind. there occurred a metathesis (reʎab < *reʔlab < *reʔeb-la). Tind. > Inkh. reʎab id.
Комментарии: Cf. also Akhv. Tseg. ʕaq̇:ʷa, Tlan. aq̇:ʷa, Ratl. eq̇:ʷi. Loss of *r- in Akhv. is probably secondary: a result of merging two different Av.-And. roots (*hinḳ:u(r) 'urine' and *riq̇:ʷV 'urinary bladder') - well opposed in God.
Комментарии: Cf. also Akhv. Tseg. raʔʷa, Ratl. raq̇ʷa 'herd', Kar. Arch. rulʔʷa-r 'flock'. -l- in the latter form may be an archaic feature (but may also be an innovation).
Комментарии: Av. paradigm B or C (erg. icí-c:a); but Chad. A (gen. íši-l). This is one of the few cases of the correspondence Av. c : PA *s (reflecting earlier labialisation). The MSU recordings have -s:- in Tind. and Cham., which is obviously a mistake (to judge from external evidence). Cf. also Cham. Gig. resi,resila (misspelled in the MSU recordings as res:i,res:ila).
Комментарии: Av. paradigm C (obl. saná- in saná-jil 'every year', pl. sóna-l). Cf. also Akhv. Tseg., Tl., Ratl. rešen, Cham. Gig. reši, Kar. Anch. niši, Tok. rexin. The initial *ri- in PA is probably a result of contamination with another PEC root for 'year' (*swĕrho / *rĕswo q.v.).
The only Andian language which distinguishes between 'year' and 'sky' is Chamalal: cf. Cham. jehna 'sky', Gig. rešin id. (opposed to Cham. jehĩ, Gig. reši 'year'). This may be an indication of an old opposition between *riši 'year; old' ( < *rĕswo) : *ri-šin 'year; sky' ( < *śwänɨ̆).
Комментарии: Av. paradigm C (roxí-l,róxa-l). Cf. also And. rešʷã-ge 'shady (woody) slope of a hill'. An interesting case: since in most Andian languages reflexes of *x(ʷ) and *š(ʷ) fell together, the words for 'wood' (PA *rixʷV) and 'tree' (PA *rišʷV) became homonymous in most cases. They coincided completely in And., Akhv., Tind., the Gakv. dialect of Cham., and most Kar. dialects. However, they are still distinguished in Cham. Gig. (ruhu 'wood' : ruša 'tree'); Kar. proper (roxo 'wood' : roša 'tree'), Botl. (ruxu 'wood' : ruša 'tree'). In Avar, where these phonemes also merged, the words are still different (rox 'wood' : rixí 'timber').
Комментарии: Attested only in Cham., but having probable external parallels. For the meaning 'bread' cf. Rut. lɨzɨd 'dough', going back to the same EC root (*'clay' > 'dough' > 'bread').
Комментарии: Akhv. lezi 'bronze' reflects a suffixed variant *rizi-l. This form is attested only in Northern Akhvakh; other dialectal forms (Tseg. izi, Tlan. ezi etc.) are obviously borrowed from Turkic (cf. Kum. jez).
Комментарии: Av. paradigm C (rač̣:á-lzul, ráč̣:a-l). In Andian cf. also a compound: miʁe-rč̣:u 'tail' (for the 1st component see *miʁV). Cf. also And. (Tsertsvadze) miʁʷorč̣:u 'tail'. Old Tind. > Inkh. rač̣č̣i 'string'.
