Комментарии: Av. paradigm C (gudrá-l,gúdra-l). All Andian forms may be borrowed from Avar. The Avar source is also proposed for Osset. gʷɨdɨr 'lock', ḳʷɨdɨr 'stump, block' (see Abayev 1958, 529).
Комментарии: Cf. also Kar. Tok. gux-il- id. All Andian forms may be borrowed from Avar or some Avar dialects (certainly borrowed is Cham. xux-id- 'to deceive', because x is quite an irregular reflex). The Avar form is reduplicated, and the tense -k:- is probably expressive (we would rather expect a form like *gug- to fit the external evidence).
Комментарии: This pronominal stem is used independently only in Botlikh (with the neutral meaning 'that'); in other languages it is combined with other pronominal stems and is used for "this, that (below the speaker)". The same root is probably reflected in Akhv. ge-ƛ̣:i 'below (adv.)', ge-ƛ:i 'inside'.
Комментарии: Av paradigm C (ganč̣í-l,gánč̣a-l). Cf. also And. (Khaidakov) č̣ow 'flint'. The Av. word for 'stone' is probably an old compound, whose first member is not clear (ga-) and the second is the same as mač̣ú (mač̣-dá-l,mač̣á-bi) 'flint' (Chad. moč̣ó). The Andian forms are metathesized (Kar. Anch. mač̣u 'flint' is obviously an Avar loanword). Old loans from Avar are Nakh forms: Chech. māžar, Ing. mažar 'flint gun', and Arch. mač̣a č̣ele 'flint' (č̣ele 'stone'). Av. gamač̣ > Gin., Gunz. gamač̣ 'big stone'.
Комментарии: Av. paradigm C (gʷandí-l,gʷénda-l; but Chad. C: gʷandú-l,gʷandá-l). Cf. also Akhv. Tlan., Ratl. gabda 'pit', Cham. Gad. gannu, Gig. ganna 'hollow (of a tree), Kar. Rats. gʷande, Tok. gabda 'pit'. The Andian form was borrowed in Tsezian languages: Tsez. gʷandi / gʷando, Gin. gangʷi, Inkh. gaIndu, Bezht. gand (borrowing is proved by the preservation of -n-, which would otherwise yield nasalisation), and in Arch. gundi 'pit'.
