Комментарии: The stem *ʔi-mV- is actually a compound of the interrogative stem *ʔi- (q.v.) which is also used independently, and the bound stem *-mV-, used only in the 1st and 2d classes.
Комментарии: The stem is sometimes used as direct (Av. Chad. ji, cf. obl. jine-), Tind. e-a (obl. ẽ-/ĩ-), but most usually as the oblique stem for PA *ži- q.v.
Комментарии: Cf. also Akhv. Tseg. iho-, Tlan. ĩhaho-, Ratl. ihʷa-. The word reflects a prothetic *ʔin-, often present in PA before *ħ-.
In Avar there is an adverb ħála-ƛ: / ħáli-c:a / ħáli-q:e 'slowly, with effort' - which may reflect the same EC root; but synchronically it is now reinterpreted as a form from ħal 'state of things; effort, power' ( < Arab. ħāl). The Avar form has penetrated into many nearby languages (cf. Cham. hali-baχa, Tind. haljoχa / hajloχa > Inkh. halijaχin 'slowly', Lak. ħalliχ-s:a, Khosr. haIlliχ id.).
Комментарии: Av. paradigm A (bo-l / bó-dul,bó-jal). The detailed meaning in Avar is "people; community (from several villages); army, troops". The PA form has a prefixed *ʔin- (as in some other cases of laryngeal Anlaut).
Комментарии: Av. paradigm A (ħóri-l,ħóra-l). Cf. also Akhv. Tseg. ihora, Tlan. inhoro, Ratl. inhʷara, Cham. Gig. ihra. The origin of the prefixed syllable *ʔin- in PA is not quite clear (here as well as in a few other roots with a laryngeal Anlaut).
Комментарии: Av. paradigm C (hakí-l,haká-l; Chad. horkí-l,harká-l). Cf. also Cham. Gig. anku 'nail, wooden peg'. The latter meaning is probably secondary, going back to 'linchpin' or 'axle' (cf. the meanings in other languages).
Комментарии: In Cham. the root means 'leather rope for fastening hay' (cf. also Cham. Gig. iʎa-b 'leather rope'); in Tind. - 'leather rope for donkey-tethering'.
Комментарии: Cf. also Akhv. Ratl. inƛ:i, Bagv. Tlis. inƛ:i-da. In some languages the vowel was modified under the influence of the numeral "seven": Av. anƛ:- (cf. anƛ̣:- 'seven'); And. onƛ:i- (cf. hoƛ̣:u- 'seven'); Cham. anƛ:i- (cf. aƛ̣:u- 'seven').
Комментарии: Cf. also Akhv. Tseg. inʎar, Ratl. inƛal, Kar. L.-Enkh. enʎer. Kar. eʎemi is a plural form < *ʔeʎen-bi < *ʔirƛVn-bi; Botl. intar-ʎi (a locative form) is a dissimilation < *inʎar-ʎi (as suggested by Gudava 1964, 111).
Av. ʎor 'bosom' belongs rather to PEC *xwōlɦV q.v. (or at least may represent a merger of the two roots).
Комментарии: Av. paradigm A (gen. níχ-dal; cf. also in Uslar's notation: néχa,néχa-dal,néχa-bi). Within Andian languages the genuine root is preserved only in Akhv. ũqa (cf. also Ratl. ũqa; the MSU recording ũq:a 'barley' is probably faulty). All other Andian forms (Akhv. Tseg., Tlan. niχa, And., Cham., Tind., Kar., Botl., Bagv., God. niχa) are no doubt recent loans from Avar. In Akhv. Magomedbekova lists also North. Akhv., Ratl. niqa 'oats' - this may be either a more ancient loan, or a contamination of niχa and ũqa (note that the MSU recordings list North. Akhv. niχa 'oats' - obviously a loanword). The Av. word was borrowed also in Tsezian languages: Tsez. neχa, Khvarsh., Inkh. niχa 'oats'.
A word oq: 'barley' is recorded for Southern Avar dialects (MSU: Chad. oq, Mikailov: Ants. oq:). Since it can not correspond to Akhv. ũqa, we must suppose that this is a more or less recent loan from some Andian language.
Комментарии: Av. paradigm B~C (gen. nisú-l/nis-dál). Cf. also Akhv. Tseg., Tlan., Ratl. iša (the MSU records have iša also in North. Akhv.), Kar. Arch., Rach. ʕesa, Tok. ʕisa.
Avar has a usual metathesis (nisu < *ʔinsu); Av. > Arch. noso ( < *niso with regular vowel assimilation) 'curds, cottage cheese'.
Комментарии: PA *ʔinš:tu- 'five' was modified from a form like *š:i-du- (with a suffixed *-du-) under the influence of *ʔinƛ:i- 'six' (q.v.) (a well known phenomenon of mutual adaptations of close numerals).
Комментарии: Cf. also Cham. Gig. =as:ʷVn- 'to unlock' (the only form with changing class prefixes, probably secondary). Loss of -n-conjugation in And. is not clear.
