Комментарии: Av. paradigm C (naχú-l,náχa-l, Chad. gen. naħú-l/niħí-l). Not clear is the relationship between this Av. form and Akhv. ĩχʷa, Tseg. iχʷan, Tl. iχʷam, Ratl. iχʷami 'boiled butter'.
Комментарии: One of the roots with (historically) changing class prefixes. Note that the formation with the inanimate prefix *r- is usually accompanied by the suffix *-Vl (*r-aʔV-l > Av. raʕál, And. lel ( < *r-aʔil), Kar. reʕil (but cf. also Kar. Anch. raʔa-ʎa id.). The Andi word also means 'mountain'.
The same root serves as stem for the adjective "sharp" *-aʔV(-rV) > Av. -eʕéra-, And. -ari, Akhv. -aʕa-da-be (Tseg., Tlan. -aʕa-, Ratl. -eʔa-da-). Av. raʕal > And. rahal, Bezht. (Khosh., Tlad.) räʕäl, Gunz. raʕal 'edge'.
Комментарии: PA "stem I" *=ačʷ- (~ -o-) is reflected only in Tind. (=ačʷ- "to flow, spread (about the surface)"). Other languages (and also Tind.) reflect the PA "stem II" *čʷV- with suffixes (*čʷVl-,*čʷV-b-,*čʷV-r-) or the reduplicated stem *čʷVčʷV- (sometimes also with a suffix: *čʷVčʷV-b-). Besides the forms listed above cf. also: Av. čur- 'to wash', čor-dé- 'to bathe'; Cham. še-d- 'to pour, strew'; PA *=ičʷV-n- 'to wash' > Cham. =išʷVn- (Gig. =učVn-), Tind. =ičʷṼ-, Kar. =ičʷan-. Cf. also a derived noun: PA *čʷa(r)čʷa ( ~ o) 'waterfall' (Tind. čʷačʷa, Kar. čʷarčʷa, God. čorča). Cham. > Inkh. šallu 'liquid (adj.)' (quite isolated among Tsezian).
Значение:1 to drive, urge; to swarm (bees) 2 to reach
Аварский:=ac̣- 1
Чамалинский:=ac̣- 1
Тиндинский:=ac̣- 1
Комментарии: In Av. the verb also means "to forge, hit, fight", but this is most probably a fortuitous homonymy. Cf. also Cham. Gig. =az- 'to reach'. Perhaps (with old Ablaut) we should add here also Cham. =uc̣- 'to run away' (*'be driven').
Комментарии: Cf. also Av. =ac̣:a-da= 'clean', Akhv. =ac̣:a-da=, Tseg., Tl., Ratl. =ac̣:an-da= id., Tind. =ac:a-ja= id. etc. The adjective in all languages is a derivate of the verbal stem. Av. > Inkh. bac̣c̣ada-b, Gin. bac̣adaw.
The Botl. and God. forms go back to a suffixed *c̣:in-ḳV; cf. also Kar. Anch., Tok. c̣:inḳu= 'clean, pure'.
Комментарии: An expressive verbal root. The Chad. reduplication exactly matches lit. Avar =uḳ:=uḳ:n- (a reduplicated stem with double class prefixes) 'to become rumpled, crumpled'. Besides the forms cited cf. also Av. =uḳ:n- 'to be rumpled, crumpled', Tind. =ak:ʷa-š:- 'to rumple', Kar. ḳ:ʷar-aš:-, Archo., Anch. =eḳ:ʷa-š:-, Tok. ḳ:ob- 'to rumple, to knead'; Akhv. (Tseg.) iḳ:ʷar- 'to rub', And. č̣:an-d- 'to rub', Cham. ṣan- (Gig. =ac̣:a-h-), Tind. ḱ:an- id. As seen from the data, following stems are represented: a) *=aḳ:ʷVn- (stem I) / *ḳ:ʷan- > *ḳ:an- (stem II); b) *ḳ:ʷa-r- / *ḳ:ʷa-b- (also *ʔiḳ:ʷa-r- in Akhv.); c) *=Vḳ:ʷa-š:- / *ḳ:ʷar-aš:-
It is possible that several roots (all with a tense root obstruent ḳ: or ḳ:ʷ) are mixed together here, but there is absolutely no possibility to distinguish between them.
