Комментарии: Cf. also Av. =íč:-ara= 'wet', Tind. =ič:- 'to soak', =ič:u= 'wet', Kar. =ič:o= 'wet'. Most languages reflect both stem I *=ič:- and stem II *č:Vb-.
Комментарии: The original form must be probably reconstructed as *=ičo- (cf. Tind. =eča-) with vowel assimilation in most languages. Most Andian (except And. and Akhv.) languages reflect a suffixed form *=ičo-ḳV-. Cf. also Akhv. Tseg. =ača-b 'tight, narrow'.
Комментарии: The word for "full" is actually a participle of the verb *=ic̣- 'to get full, satiated', cf. Av. c̣e- (with Ablaut: ʕorc̣- "be satiated"), Chad. č̣e-, Akhv. =eč̣- (Tseg., Tlan. =ič̣-), And. =ic̣-, Cham. =ic̣-, Tind. =ec̣-, God. =ec̣-.
Комментарии: The root reveals a variation between *c̣: and *č̣: (typical for reflexes of *č̣w in tense words). The Av. verb was borrowed in Cham. (b-ič̣ī-la 'to understand') and Bezht. (Tlad. bič̣č̣i aq-, Khosh. bič̣i aq-).
It is probable that the common Av.-And. stem *c̣:al- ( ~ -o-) "to read" is actually stem II of the same root: cf. Av. c̣:al- (Chad. c̣al-), Cham. ṣal-id- (Gig. c̣al-id-), Tind. c:al-ij-.
Комментарии: Stem I (*=ic̣:ʷVn-) is reflected in Cham., Tind. and Kar. (cf. also Akhv. Tseg., Ratl., Tlan. =uc̣:-); stem II (*c̣:ʷVn-) - in Northern Akhvakh, as well as in Tind. c:un- 'to wring out, squeeze out; to suck', Cham. ṣun- (Gig., Gad. c̣:un-) 'to suck', And. c̣:un- id. With secondary denasalisation here may belong also Tind. c:ab-d- 'to shrink, contract' ( < *c:ʷVb- < *c:ʷVm-; an intransitive counterpart of c:un-).
Комментарии: In most Andian languages (cf., e.g., Cham. =ič̣-al-, Tind. =ič̣-al- etc.) the causative form of this stem is used for the verb 'to kill', and the stem itself means also 'to get spoiled, extinct; to fade, wither'. The primary meaning of it in Proto-Avaro-Andian must have been 'split, break' - cf. Av. (stem I as opposed to č̣ʷa-, stem II) -ič̣- 'split, break'.
Some problems are caused by the Av. labialisation - since all Andian evidence (and also Av. -ič̣-) uniformly points to unlabialised *č̣. Av. č̣ʷá- has also the meanings 'beat, hit, pound (into smth.)' and thus may be a result of contamination with another root, *č̣ʷVn- q.v.
The original stem II of the PA root *-ič̣- is probably PA *č̣in- 'to pound, crush' (And., Cham., Tind., God. č̣in-, Kar. č̣ijã-). And. and Kar. reflect also a derived stem *=ič̣-Vn- 'to fade, wither' (And. =eč̣an-d-, Kar. =eč̣an-).
Комментарии: PA has variants *=ič̣:- 'to stand' (reflected in Cham. =iṣ-) and *ħi(r)č̣:- 'to stand up' (reflected elsewhere, cf. also Kar. Anch. heč̣:-, God. Zib. hirč:-, Cham. heṣ-, Gig. hinc̣- - with -n- under influence of hinz- 'to rise'), where *ħ- is possibly a preverb. The Av. form č̣:e- reflects an old Ablaut variant with dropping of initial vowel.
Комментарии: Cf. also And. č̣:ar-d- 'to glide', Kar. Tok. č̣:ol- 'to run away'. All languages except Andian and Cham. (U.-Gakv.) reflect stem II *č̣:ʷVr- (cf. also Cham. Gig. c̣ar- id.).
The Andian -n-conjugation may be explained by a contamination with another PA verb, reflected in Cham. Gig. =uc̣ã- 'to fly'.
Комментарии: A typical alternation of Av.-And. Stem I and Stem II. Stem I (*-ič̣u-) is used mostly as an adjective; note that in Akhv it has a laryngeal Anlaut and no class prefixes (*Hič̣u-; cf. also Ratl. eč̣u-da), which may be the most archaic situation. But cf. also the verbal usage (Akhv. heč̣u-, And. -eč̣u-x-, Cham. -eč̣u-h-, Tind. -eč̣u-h-, Kar., Botl., Bagw. -eč̣u- "to empty"). Stem II is always accompanied by suffixes (Av. č̣o-bó-goja- 'empty', č̣e-xé- 'to empty', Kar. č̣e-ba- id.).
Значение:1 to stand 2 auxiliary verb 3 to plant, erect
Аварский:=oʁ- (Anc.) 2
Андийский:=iʁ- 1
Ахвахский:=eʁ- 1
Чамалинский:=iʁ- 1
Тиндинский:=iʁ- 1
Каратинский:=iʁ- 1,3
Ботлихский:=iʁ- 1,2
Багвалинский:=iʁ- 1
Годоберинский:=iʁ- 1
Комментарии: The Av. Ants. form is quoted in Gudava 1964, 146 as an auxiliary verb for building causative forms (an analogous function is attested by this root in Botl.). In lit. Av. cf. ʁé-ze (reflecting stem II *ʁV-) 'to plant, erect; to put'.
Комментарии: The verb is preserved only in Cham. (where it is opposed to gu-d-, Gig. ič- 'to give (objects)'. The derivate (with an archaic prefix m- - or maybe reflecting a lost medial nasal in the root?), preserved in Avar, has a general meaning 'tribute', but has also a more specific meaning 'tribute paid for grinding grain'.
Комментарии: In Chad. the verb is used in a compound (sʷér-ži =óʁ-ži). Avar and Akhvakh reflect stem I (*=iʁʷ-; cf. perhaps also Cham. =eʁ- 'to throw'), other languages - stem II (*ʁʷir-).
Комментарии: Cf. also Kar. Tok. =ux:-ah- id. There are two homonyms in PA: *=ik:ʷ- 'to hold, catch' and *=ik:ʷ- 'to get into, to happen': as seen from And. and Cham. reflexes (=ič:- vs. =uk:- and =uk- vs. =ic-) they were distinguished by the quality of the second vowel (which generally we are still unable to reconstruct).
