Comments: An important Akhv. archaism (not preserved in other languages). The word is probably a compound of hari- (see under *ʡwerV) 'look' + *-Vg- 'to see'.
Comments: The initial ṭ- is either an expressive preverb, or a remnant of another verbal root (cf. And. =iṭ- 'to get lost'); the whole form may in that case reflect a contraction of a historical compound.
Protoform:*-Vj-
Meaning:causative
Chamalal:-ā- (caus. infin.)
Tindi:-āj- (caus. infin.)
Karata:-ē- pres., -a- past, -ō- future
Botlikh:-a-
Protoform:*-V+class marker
Meaning:1 past partic. 2 pres. and past part. 3 fut. part. 4 participle 5 pres. part. 6 present
Andian language:[aor. +] -b (nas. -m) 1
Akhvakh:-ida-+class marker+-e (pres.), -ada-+class marker+-e (past) [-d- is either a reflex of frequent. *-(i)d- or of the gerund *-d-]
Comments: The initial nasal in Av. (n- or m- in different dialects) is not quite clear etymologically. The original meaning of the morpheme ('behind') is preserved when it functions as an adverb; but as a locative suffix it had early (as early as Proto-Av.-And.) merged with another morpheme, PEC *-q̇_V (q.v.) and thus acquired a new meaning 'at, by, close to'. In most Andian languages this meaning is preserved until now (only in And. proper the meaning of -q:i changed: it is now confined to the plural inessive /haq̇:o-ba-q:i 'in the houses'/, and in singular is used to denote an object of verba dicendi or an inanimate ergative). The merging of *-q:i and the hypothetic *-q̇:i ( < *-q̇_V) was possible because of the phonetic affinity of the morphemes, but also because *-q:i must have also had an early additional possessive meaning ('at, by someone or smth.'), which is characteristic for most Andian languages and is observed also in the Lezgian counterpart *-q(a).
Av. (cf. dialectal forms like Chad. maq) > Lak. maq,maqa 'behind'; Arch. naqa 'back (of head)'.
Comments: The root has changeable class affixes (w- for the 1st class, j- for the second). Variation of final vowels (neutralized in Av., Akhv. and Tind.) can be explained by former class suffixation (parallelling class prefixation: *w-ošV-w > wošo,*j-ošV-j > joši). Masculine and feminine forms are neutralized in Av., Akhv. and Tind. Note that there are also forms reflecting PA *b-ošV 'child of animals' (Akhv. baša, And. boši etc.). In Akhv. there also exists a form r-eša meaning 'heifer' (*'daughter of animal'), parallelling PL *ruš: and especially PGB *riže 'heifer'.
The word for 'woman' in And. (jošḳʷa) is a contraction of joši+heḳʷa 'girl+person'.
