Comments: Avar reflects stem II (*k:ʷV-), Andian languages - stem I (*=ik:ʷ-). A stem with Ablaut (*=ak:ʷ-) is reflected in Cham. and Tind. in plural (Cham. plur. =ak-ur-, Tind. plur. =ax:-; cf. perhaps also And. =ok:-/=ek:- 'to stay').
Comments: Cf. also Kar. Tok. =uḳ-. In some languages (Akhv., Tind.) this root is used for both 'be' and 'sit'. In Avar the verb belongs to the -n-conjugation - which is obviously secondary, although reasons for it are not yet clear.
The Av. Chad. aorist stem =oʔ-a certainly corresponds to Av. lit. -uḳ-ana. The glottal stop here is a result of irregular weakening of *-ḳ- (in a frequently used auxiliary verb). The -n-conjugation in Chad. is seen in the imperative =óʔun.
Comments: Cf. also Akhv. Tseg. =eʎan-, Kar. Tok. ʎal- ( < *ʎar-) 'to paint', Cham. Gig. ʎar- 'to smear', with reduplication Cham. ʎiʎa-d- (Gig. ʎuʎa-b-) 'to knead (dough)'. PA *=iʎ(Vn) reflects a root variant with early delabialisation; the same root, but without delabialisation (and with regular development *x:w > *x) is probably reflected in Av. =ox- 'to smear' (Chad. =ox- 'to stick to, glue'), And. =uš- 'to smear'.
Comments: In Av. the verb belongs to the -n-conjugation, reasons for which are not clear. The root must be reconstructed with a labialised second vowel: this is supported by the Ablaut stem *ƛ:uH- reflected in Av. ƛ:úh-ine 'enter' (Chad. ƛuhn- id.), Tind. ƛ:ʷē-ʎa 'go, walk', and would account for the labialised first vowel in Akhv., Cham. and Kar. Cf. also Akhv. Tseg. -uƛ:-, Tl. -aƛ:-, Ratl. -oƛ:- 'go, walk' and the Ablaut variant *ƛ:(ʷ)e reflected in Tind., Cham. ƛ:e 'come, come on!'.
Beside the main meaning 'to go, walk' this root has (in all languages) the meaning 'to happen, to become' (Tind. and Cham. use in this meaning a stem with Ablaut: =uƛ:-). The same verbal stem also denotes 'to finish' (Av. ƛ:úʕ-, Chad. ƛúʕ-n-, And. -uƛ:-, Kar. -oƛ:-, Tok. -eƛ:-) or 'to begin' (Tind., Cham. -uƛ:-).
Comments: With Ablaut cf. also Kar. =oƛ̣- (Arch., Anch. =olʔ-) 'to be(come) ill', perhaps also And. b-il-in- 'to shoot' (although the -n-conjugation is not clear).
Meaning:1 to put on (shoes, footwear, trousers) 2 stocking
Chadakolob:reƛ̣é- 1
Andian language:=iƛ̣:in- 1
Akhvakh:iƛ̣:e-l 2 (Tseg.)
Chamalal:=iƛ̣:n- 1
Tindi:hinƛ̣:- 1
Comments: Initial laryngeal in Tind. is not quite clear (all other languages have changing class prefixes - although in Av. and And. mostly the 4th class prefix r- is used). The Akhv. form is derived, with a productive -l-suffix; cf. also Av. (Andal.) hunƛ̣: 'sock, stocking'.
