Notes: A Nakh-Avar isogloss (the comparison was suggested by Dumézil 1933, 15). The author also compared Lak. daIχt:a 'in the day-time', which is hardly acceptable for phonetic reasons.
Notes: Medial *-l- is suggested by the PD form (where *-l- regularly > -r-). In PL we should expect *jVš:V-j; the form *jVčVj was probably influenced by PL *čɨj / *rV-čɨj 'sister' (see *-ɨ̆ć_ĭ).
Although all the forms point to PEC *r-, this consonant may represent the old female class marker; in that case the root *-īlć_wī can be a result of usual adjectival metathesis < *(-ī)ć_wīlV, and we could compare also HU forms: Hurr. šali, Ur. sǝlā 'daughter' (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 42).
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. The Andian form shows that in Lak. and Darg. a merger of two roots (PEC *rɨḳwV and PEC *ʔrĕg_wĔ q.v.) had taken place (the latter root, originally meaning "yoke", should be normally reflected in Lak. as *t:Vrk:ʷ- or *dVk:ʷ-, and in PD - as *dVrk:ʷ-).
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. In Lak. there occurred an assimilation (lal < *ral), and in Rut. - a metathesis (lar < *ral), quite natural for a root with two different liquids. The original structure is very well preserved in PD (where *d- < *r-) and PN. In general the comparison seems quite plausible both phonetically and semantically. Perhaps we should also add (with metathesis): Akhv. ħara 'faeces'.
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. The listed forms are very probably related, but precise reconstruction of the PEC root is rather difficult because of its complicated structure (trisyllabic - as clearly seen from the PN form) and metatheses.
Notes: It seems interesting to compare directly PN *(p)sa-lχEna and PWC *š́ʷǝ-Łʷa which may reflect one and the same compound *śwĔrV-rVmŁ_Ă. There are, however, some obscure points concerning both phonetic reconstruction and the semantic side here. The isogloss between Av. noƛ: and PD *duk:i is rather straightforward (although it does not allow to make a precise vocalic reconstruction); in WC and Nakh languages the root is used only in compounds, which of course obscures many phonetic details. [In fact, in PN there may have occurred a confusion of two EC roots: *rVmƛ_Ă 'night, evening' and *ƛăjV 'day, day-time' q.v.].
Notes: A Nakh-WC isogloss. The comparison is quite possible both phonetically and semantically, but the reconstruction is rather uncertain (allows for many alternative protoforms) without evidence from Daghestan languages.
Notes: A Tsez-Lezg. isogloss; not quite reliable because of the irregularity within the Lezghian subgroup. It is also worth noting Georg. zeg 'day after tomorrow' (borrowed in Tsez.?).
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Except for assimilative / dissimilative processes (natural in a root like this), correspondences are regular. The semantic shift 'moss, lichen' > 'silt' seems also acceptable ('slimy surface').
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Although this is an expressive reduplicated root, and not widely spread, the reconstruction seems reliable (we should at any rate distinguish it from several other phonetically close roots like *ʒ_imiʒĕ,*cīmc_V etc.).
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. An interesting root, attested in EC, Kartvelian and IE. The PK form is *soḳo-, see Klimov 1964, 165 (with a variant zoḳo- in Georgian: the voiced z- shows that the original source of at least this variant in Kartvelian could have been Tsezian). From Georgian the word was borrowed into some Caucasian languages: back into some Tsezian (e.g., Gunz. zoḳo; see above), Bacb. zoḳŏ, Osset. zoḳo. Despite Klimov (ibid.), however, Arm. sunk: can not be explained as a loan from Kartvelian, but has rather an Indo-European etymology (see below).
In Indo-European we have *spongo- (see WP 2, 681-682) 'sponge, mushroom, tinder'; some authors (see ibid.) even try to reconstruct a complicated protoform *sphwongo- (to explain, beside Greek spóngo-s, Arm. sunk: also forms like Germ. *swamba- and Slav. *gõba). We must note that however improbable it seems, the form *sphwongo- lies very close to the reconstructed PEC *sħwǝ̆mḳ_V.
