COMMENT: Reconstructed for the PEC level. In Lak. and Darg. there occurred a nasality metathesis (*=ŏnqVlV > *=ŏqVnV); otherwise correspondences are quite regular.
COMMENT: Pharyngealization in Darg. must be secondary (probably under influence of a similar verb -aIqʷ- / -iqIʷ- 'to destroy, derange' q.v.); other correspondences are regular. Several forms reflect the old Ablaut stem *-irqV.
As with other verbs of "beating", there exist some derivates meaning "wound" ( > "festering wound", "pus"), notably PC *ʔǝ̃χ:V ( < *ʔorqV-n) et al.
COMMENT: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Correspondences are regular. There exists also a PEC nominal derivate *(ʔō)cV̄ɫV, reflected in PN *cēl and Av. χ:arí-cel.
Deeters (1957, 390) compared the EC forms with PK *cel- 'to mow; scythe'. If the PK verbal stem is actually denominative (see Dzhavakhishvili 1, 272, 2, 91), it is most probably borrowed from an EC source. See Klimov 1965, 223.
COMMENT: The original meaning is well reconstructable as "to pluck, pick" (whence "to pluck hair" > "to shave" or "to tan", "to pluck grass" > "to mow" etc.). On the whole the etymology seems quite reliable.
COMMENT: Correspondences are regular (labialisation in PWC *ʎ́ʷV, as in some other verbal stems, probably reflects an original class marker), and the EC-WC parallel seems satisfactory. See Абдоков 1983, 163.
COMMENT: Reconstructed for the PEC level. It is interesting to note that Archi, besides the verb =ubƛa-s which is a regular parallel for the Av.-And.-Tsez. forms, has also a noun: imƛ̣:ǝla '(knitted) sock, stocking'. This must be an old loanword from some Andian source: cf. Cham. ini-biƛ̣:inna-b 'sock, stocking' (lit. "(smth.) put inside") and Akhv. iƛ̣:el 'stocking' - derivates from the same PA root *=iƛ̣:Vn-.
COMMENT: The etymology is not quite certain, primarily because of the scarcity of reflexes in EC languages, and some phonetic uncertainties (variation between *s: and *c in Dargwa dialects, doubts in the precise nature of the PWC sibilant).
COMMENT: The etymology is both phonetically and semantically satisfactory. The PWC form has a prefixed labial (former class marker), as in many other cases. See Абдоков 1983, 143.
COMMENT: The root is not widely attested in EC (only in PTs), thus the etymology is somewhat dubious (although phonetically and semantically plausible).
COMMENT: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Most languages point to *ŭ; there is also some evidence of an Ablaut grade with *ä (Lak. =i=š:u-, PN *=iss-).
COMMENT: Reconstructed for the PEC level. One of the verbal roots with the basic laryngeal consonant. The vowels are rather hard to reconstruct in most of these roots (because of contractions). Cf. also HU: Hurr. un-, Urart. nun- 'to come' (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 32).
