COMMENT: The root is present only in two languages (God. and Tsakh.; the Av. form is very dubious); since Tsakh. w- can also go back to *r- and *l-, very unreliable.
COMMENT: Reconstructed for the PEC level. The Lak. form may belong here only if we suppose a contraction xulu < *xVr-lu (with a productive suffix -lu).
COMMENT: Reconstructed for the PEC level. In PA and Lak. the root has partially contaminated with PEC *ƛwilc̣_wV q.v.; in PD there occurred a semantic change 'dirt, dirty' > 'grey'.
COMMENT: Reconstructed for the PEC level. The original meaning must have been "bosom" with the development into "armpit" in PL and "side (of body)" in PN. Phonetic correspondences are regular.
COMMENT: Reconstructed for the PEC level. One of the most widely preserved and stable roots (having, however, left no trace in PWC). See Trubetzkoy 1922, 239.
Cf. also Hurr. šijǝ 'water, river' (if we suppose a palatalisation *x- > š- before front vowels in HU), see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 49.
COMMENT: The vocalic reconstruction is somewhat uncertain (probably, due to old Ablaut). We may note that this interrogative stem is mostly (although not always) used in oblique cases, notably ergative.
COMMENT: The EC reconstruction is both phonetically and semantically satisfactory. See Abdokov 1983, 90 (although with some confusion of WC *x(ʷ)a / *pxa and *ʎ́ʷV 'to descend' < *HraʎwV q.v.).
COMMENT: A common NC particle (adverb); it is rarely preserved as an independent word (e.g. in Archi), and more frequently used as a suffixed particle, locative case marker or a preverb (a typical distribution for PWC locative adverbs).
COMMENT: Correspondences are regular. The PWC form has a dental prefix *t-. Abdokov (1983, 112) compares the WC form with reflexes of EC *rĕxwV 'stick, wood' (q.v.) (with some confusion of this root and *rä̆śwĒ 'wood, beam'). Phonetically both comparisons are acceptable, but ours seems to us somewhat better semantically.
COMMENT: The PWC form has a rare dental prefix *t- (*d-) which must have caused a not quite regular development *t-χ:- > *t-q:- (in PEC the initial consonant is certainly a fricative).
Cf. Kartv. *qaml- 'skin (of a sheep, goat)' (see Klimov 1963, 263, listing also the Abkh. form).
COMMENT: Reconstructed for the PEC level (a possible WC match, PAK *ħa-, see under *HV̄č̣wĔ). The root is typical for the Eastern area (Laki, Dargwa, PL).
