Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. There is a vague possibility that the root may have WC parallels (PAA *ća 'to drive', see under PNC *=āčĂn-).
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Since the first vowel is reduced in all Andian reflexes and in Archi, the original vocalism is impossible to establish.
Notes: The root is widely spread in WC, but within EC has only a Lak. counterpart, thus the WC antiquity is questionable. Cf. perhaps also Akhv. Tlan. č̣iq̇a-b, Tseg. č̣iʔa-b 'good' (if -q̇a- here can be analysed as a historical suffix).
Notes: The etymology seems reliable, both phonetically and semantically. Abdokov (1983, 130) compares the AK root (from which he derives Kab. ǯǝda 'spear') with EC reflexes of *rä̆ḳwɨ 'axe', as well as PN *ʔāḳ- 'to hit' and *=aḳ- 'to sew' - which is all most dubious.
Notes: An Aand-Darg. isogloss. Cf. perhaps also Lak. b-alža-n (g. pr. b-algu-nu) 'to contain, restrain; dress, provide clothes' (although the semantic development raises some doubts).
Notes: The etymology seems both phonetically and semantically plausible, although it is hard to reconstruct the root vowel (because of extensive Ablaut).
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Because of Ablaut it is hard to reconstruct the root vocalism. One ca also reconstruct the derivate *w-V̆lḳVnV 'corner, angle'(PN *noḳ, PA *bi(r)ḳʷin). A trace of this root in Lezghian may be Rut. q̇Iu=ḳa- 'to bend' (with an expressive prefix?).
Notes: The root is widely represented in WC, but preserved only in Av.-And. among the EC branches. Still, the phonetic and semantic correspondence is exact, and the NC antiquity of the root is quite probable.
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. The verb itself is preserved not very widely (that is why its vocalism is not clear): PA *-VxʷV(n), Lak. =u-ha-, PD *=axʷVn. Much more widely spread is the deverbative noun *ʎwĭnʔɨ̄ ( ~ -ǝ̆), reflected also in PN and PL (although the verb was not preserved in those subgroups).
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Several languages have preserved only the archaic nominal derivate *ƛ_i-nV̄ (with prefixation: *HVrV-ƛ_inV̄ / *HVrV-ƛ_iɫV̄ 'chisel, instrument for piercing or sharpening/whetting'.
Notes: Basically an Av.-And.-Tsez. isogloss. There are, however, some possible traces of the root in Lezgian languages: cf. Lezg. al-uḳ- 'to put on (clothes)' (where *-ḳ- can go back to *ƛ̣ - if this is not the same root as eḳi-z,al-ḳ-, Akht. ak:ɨ-n,al-k:ɨ-n 'to stick to, adhere' < PL *ʔaƛ̣:e). Another probable Lezgian parallel is Arch. aƛa-s 'to put on (hand, finger)' < *ʔaƛ:V-, which could be a modification of original *ʔaƛ̣V- under the influence of another root, reflected in Arch. =ubƛa-s 'to put on (lower part of body)' < PEC *=ōmŁ_V q.v.
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. The vocalism is hard to reconstruct (because of variation within PC and PA); otherwise correspondences are regular. Medial *-l- must be reconstructed to account for the PTs nasalisation (but *-n- or *-m- would have given other reflexes).
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Note the usage of an expressive hushing preverb (leading to irregular phonetic change) both in PD and in most Lezghian languages.
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. The root vowel is hard to reconstruct (because of complicated and rather unclear Ablaut patterns). The medial nasal resonant has caused the change *-mć̣- > *-tt- in PN and the deglottalisation in Lak., PL and PD; its labial character can be reconstructed on basis of the PL labialisation (although the resonant itself was regularly dropped).
[The root is used in several languages in a compound meaning 'stirrup', lit. 'foot'+'stand (caus.)' or '(foot)-prop'+'stand', i.e. 'a place for putting feet on'. Cf. Av. ħoṭo-č̣:el (Chad. with assimilation and distortion ħonƛ̣lóč̣), Lak. č:armuzi < *č:an-b-uzi, Darg. Chir. ṭuIr-birc:an, Arch. moʎ:ol-orc:i. The Avar word, sometimes with severe distortions, was borrowed into many EC languages: Akhv. ħoṭoč̣:a, Cham., Inkh., Tsez., Gin. ħoṭoč̣el, Cham. Gig. ħeṭeč̣ (cf. an Avar dialectal variant ħeṭeč̣:el), Gunz. ħonṭoč̣al, Bezht. Tlad. haƛso, Khosh. hacijo.]
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Both Lak. and Darg. forms can theoretically be derived also from PNC *-ărḳĔw 'to go; to drive' (q.v.), because of the merger of *ƛ̣ and *ḳ in these languages.
