Notes: The root is expressive (KV(R)CV structure) and contains two stops, thus there are some irregularities in reflexation. However, it is not borrowed and must be reconstructed for PNC. Note that it has penetrated some geographically close languages: cf. Turk. kanǯa, Osset. xäʒ 'hook'. One could also compare Ing. ʁoz 'ring' - which should be kept apart from Chech. hoz id. (phonetically absolutely incompatible).
Notes: One of several roots with a KVRTV (KVNTV, TVNKV) structure meaning 'pit' or 'hole'. The Lak form is irregular, probably because of contamination with another root, PEC *dwŏnḳV̆ q.v.
Notes: An expressive reduplicated root; the vocalism is hard to reconstruct (because of vowel assimilations). The root is reflected only with suffixes: *gigwV-jV > PL *k:uk:uj;*gigwV-rV > PD *k:ik:ari;*gigwV-nV > PN *gagan, Lak. *k:ek:u-n > (with metathesis) *k:enuk:.
Notes: The root denotes (in all languages) the traditional popular assembly, as well as the place for it (usually an open place in the middle of the village). Reconstructed for the PEC level, but spread only in the Eastern Dagestan area. The Lak. form contains a prefix da- ( < *ra-). The initial part (go-) of the Avar word godéḳan could be somehow related; but this can not be asserted, unless we know the meaning of the second component (-deḳan).
Notes: An expressive and rather universal root (cf., e.g., PK *mgrgod- 'round', IE *krengho- (WP 594, Vasmer 2,385)); it is, however, widely spread in NC languages and certainly can be reconstructed for PNC. See also *gwērV (it is possible that *gīrgwV is historically a reduplication of that root).
Notes: A Nakh-Lezg. isogloss. Since the meaning coincides precisely in Nakh and some Lezg. languages (Bud.), we think that the comparison is valid and the original meaning was 'noodles', or at least some kind of food rising to the surface after boiling; hence the meaning 'sour cream' (usually connected with 'top', 'surface') in Tsakh., and the later development > 'bark' in other Lezg. languages.
The PL form has a suffix *-la; medial *-r- was probably lost as a result of dissimilation.
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. An expressive reduplicated root. Some minor irregularities (vowel in Kar. - -i- or -e- would be expected; ʁ in Lak. instead of q:; pharyngealisation in Agul - reflecting a variant *GHŏrGV) are explained both by the root's expressiveness and by contamination with another similar PEC root, *ʁHĕwʁǝ̆ q.v..
Notes: A universal onomatopoeic root (cf. Engl. cuckoo, Rus. кукушка, PK *gugul etc.); because of its expressive nature it is hard to make a precise reconstruction. We may note, however, that two basic variants (with *g and with *ḳ) are predominant in most languages. It is also interesting that some expressive suffixes seem to occur in several groups; cf. notably Bacb. gugu-ṭṭ, PGB *kuku-ṭo / *ḳuḳu-ṭo, Darg. gegu-t, Bud. gugu-ṭ. See Abdokov 1983, 117.
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. The PN form goes back to *kurʒɨ̆, the PL - to *gurcɨ̆; Darg. reflects an assimilated form *gurʒɨ̆. Phenomena like this are typical for roots containing two stops, so they do not throw doubt on the etymology.
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. The original spatial meaning of this deictic morpheme is well preserved in most languages. Note the voiced reflexes in all the Eastern Daghestanian languages (an irregular development, restricted to deictic and expressive morphemes).
