Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level (although the vocalism is hard to establish). Cf. also Urart. χur- 'to drink', see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 60.
Notes: An And.-Tsez. isogloss. Phonetically very close is Lak. harac̣i 'a middle-sized earthenware vessel' - but it can belong here only if the original Lak. meaning was "copper vessel".
Notes: PWC has a frequent labial prefix (reflecting a class marker). In EC languages the verbal root was completely lost, having merged with another root, PNC *-V̄rs_wE (q.v.). On some traces of this root in PL see ibid. See Абдоков 1983, 166.
Notes: Although not very widely spread (which is the reason for uncertainty in vocalic reconstruction), the etymology seems phonetically and semantically quite plausible. The medial resonant -r- is reconstructed because of the correspondence PA *-χ:- : PTs *ʁ: (without the resonant we would expect *-χ- in PA); unfortunately, languages which could have preserved the -r-, have not preserved the root.
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. An expressive root; some languages have reflexes of a similar root with a hissing consonant: cf. Chech. zuz (züza-) 'itch, rash', Av. zu-n- / zun-ṭ- 'to have a shooting pain'; Ud. zizi 'ache, pain'; Khin. izä-q̇i 'to itch'.
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. An interesting root, containing a reduplicated laryngeal. Because of this reduplication, the cluster "r"+laryngeal did not undergo a usual treatment ( > *-r-, *-0) in PL and PD (however, it gave a usual reflex in PTs).
Notes: An interesting common NC root (with a recurring semantic correlation 'pillar, tower' : 'cattle-shed', due to a described custom to keep cattle in towers).
Notes: In PA and some Tsezian languages the stem is expressively reduplicated (an analogous reduplication could have also resulted in the preservation of the first syllable in PAT). Otherwise the correspondences are regular. A semantic shift "quail" > "hen" seems plausible (if we deal with a genuine root).
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Cf. also HU: Hurr. χurrǝ, χurwǝ 'morning, east', whence the name of the Hurrian country (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 63). Except for the metathesis in PA (possibly under influence of PA *riHV 'time, season'), correspondences are regular.
The word is probably a deverbal noun, and there are traces of the original verbal root in Lak. and Darg.: cf. Lak. =ija-n (=i=nu), Darg. Ur. r-urħ- (dur.) 'to shine'.
Notes: Reconstructed for the PEC level. Part of the forms reflect an adverbial PEC formation *Hwīq̇_ī-(nV) > *Hwq̇_ī(nV) 'by day, today'. The problem of correlation of PEC *Hwīq̇_V 'day' and PNC *wirǝ̄q̇_Ă 'sun' (q.v.) is still open (the derivational pattern is not clear).
Notes: A Nakh-Lezg. isogloss. A derivate *HwVʔV-rV ( = Rut. ʔIur, see above) is possibly reflected in Hurr. awarǝ 'field, open space, steppe' (see Diakonoff-Starostin 1986, 65).
