Dargwa etymology : Query result

Proto-Dargwa: *=ax-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to come

Chiragh: =ax-

Comments: Used only in imperative ("come!): =aše, plur. =axa-ja.

Proto-Dargwa: *=ax:- /*=alx:-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to lie

Akusha: k-alx-es

Comments: Cf. also (with Ablaut) Chir. ke=ix:- / ke=irx:- 'to put', ur=ix:- / ur=irx:- 'to hide, conceal', Ak. =ix-es 'to put', Ur. =ix- / =irx- 'to fall'.

Proto-Dargwa: *=aχIʷ- ( ~ -χ:Iʷ-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to fight

Akusha: =aIħʷ-/=irħʷ-

Comments: An Ur. form (cited from Uslar's recordings).

Proto-Dargwa: *=aχ-/*=uχ:Vl-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: know

Akusha: =ah-/=al-

Chiragh: ha=a(r)χ-,=uχ:-

Comments: Cf. also Ur. =ah(r)-/=al- id. The form =al- in Ak. and Ur. is obviously a contraction from =ahl- (or =alh-), cf. Chir. =uχ:ul-. The root reveals a rather strange alternation of -χ- and -χ:-.

Proto-Dargwa: *=aχ:- / *=i(r)χ:-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to believe

Akusha: w=irχ-ares

Chiragh: raχ:-čarg-

Comments: The Chir. form is a compound with the second component *ʔaɣ- 'to go' (preceded by the preverb *č-).

Proto-Dargwa: *=aχ:I-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: get cold

Chiragh: =aχ:I- / =iχ:I-

Comments: In Chir. there also exists a verbal stem =erχ:- / =urχ:- 'to get cold, freeze', and the adjective =uχ:an-ze 'cold'. Derived from the same root are words for 'shadow': Ak. daIħ-c̣i, Chir. taχ-t:e (probably with assimilation < *d-aχ:-t:V).

It seems probable that the two PD roots ('get cold' and 'freeze') underwent contamination in different Dargwa dialects. The external evidence shows that PD must have originally possessed *=aχ:I- 'to get cold' and *=arʁʷ- / *=irʁʷ- 'to freeze'. The Chirag dialect preserved the first root, but changed the second (under the influence of the first root) to =erχ:- / (=irχ:ʷ-) > -urχ:-. Other dialects merged both roots into a single conglomerate: *=arʁIʷ- / *=irʁIʷ- (see under *=irG_wVr).

Proto-Dargwa: *=aχVr-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to put clothes (on the upper part of body)

Akusha: =ahr- (Ur.)

Chiragh: ča=aχ- / =iχ-

Proto-Dargwa: *=ebk:- (/*buk:-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 sharp 2 to sharpen, whet

Akusha: buga-si 1

Chiragh: =ebk:-/=ibk:- 2

Comments: Cf. also Ak. buga-bires 'to sharpen, whet'.

Proto-Dargwa: *=eḳʷ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: heavy

Akusha: d-eḳ-si

Chiragh: =eḳʷ-ze

Comments: Cf. also Ur. =iḳ-, Tsud. =eḳʷ-, Kharb. =eḳ- etc.

Proto-Dargwa: *=elq- / *=uq-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to suck (breast)

Akusha: =erq-es

Chiragh: =elq-/=uq-

Proto-Dargwa: *=elq̇Vn- / *=uq̇Vn-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to pound; to grind

Chiragh: =elq̇- / =uq̇-

Comments: Cf. Ur. =ilq̇Vn- / =uq̇- 'to grind'.

Proto-Dargwa: *=elx:Vn-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: boil

Akusha: lux-

Chiragh: =elx:-/lux:-

Comments: Cf. also Ur. =ilx(n)-/=ulx-.

Proto-Dargwa: *=erc:- / *=uc:-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to bake, roast 2 to roast (grain)

Akusha: =erz-es 1

Chiragh: =erc:- /=uc:-

Comments: It seems worthwhile to note also PD *=imč:Vr- / *=umč:- 'to warm oneself, warm up' (Ak. =umž-es, Ur. =imǯVr- / =umǯ-) which can reflect a variant of the same EC root with a secondary labialisation ( *=ĭmʒ́wĔr). The non-labialised variant, because of the regular change *ʒ́ > *c:, is in PD confused with the reflex of PEC *=ĕrc_Ă 'to roast (grain)' q.v.

Proto-Dargwa: *=erc:-/=uc:-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: roast (grain)

Chiragh: =erc:-/=uc:-

Comments: Cf. also Ur. =irz-/=uz- id.

Proto-Dargwa: *=erc̣- / =uc̣-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to bake, roast

Akusha: =erc̣- / =uc̣-es

Chiragh: =erc̣- / =uc̣-

Comments: Cf. also Ak. b-uc̣ar-si, Chir. =uc̣an-ze 'hot'.

Proto-Dargwa: *=erʁʷV-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: dry

Akusha: =erub-si

Chiragh: =erʁub-ze

Comments: Cf. also Kharb., Tsud. =erʁub-se. This adjective is derived from the verb *=erʁʷ- 'to dry' (Ak. =ur-es, Ur. =irʔʷ-/=urʔʷ-, Chir. -erʁ-/-urʁʷ-).

Proto-Dargwa: *=ert- (/rut-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to curdle, coagulate

Akusha: =ert-

Chiragh: =ert-/ rut-

Comments: Cf. also Ur. =irt- / ut- id., and a derivate: Ak. berta 'clot, jelly' ( = Av. betá 'sour milk').

Proto-Dargwa: *=ert:- /*ʔut:-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to mow

Akusha: ud-

Chiragh: =ert:- / ut:-

Comments: Cf. also Ur. =ird- / ud- 'to break, tear'; with preverbs Chir. čer(k)=ert:- / čer(k)-ut:- 'to break apart, tear away', čars(a)=ert:- / čarsa-t:ʷ- 'to take away', čep:-ert: / čap:-ut:- 'to burst'.

Proto-Dargwa: *=erzVr- ( / =urz-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to sift

Chiragh: =erz- / =urz-

Comments: Cf. also Ur. =irhVr- / =urh- id. A PD derivate is *zula ( < *zurV-la) 'sieve' > Ak. ula, Chir., Tsud., Sirg., Kait. zula.

Proto-Dargwa: *=iʕʷ(Vn)-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to steal

Akusha: =ilʕ-

Chiragh: =iʕʷVn-/=ilʕʷ-

Comments: Cf. also Ur. =iʕ- / =ilʕ-, Kub. =aʕ- / =ilʕ- id.