Meaning:1 1st (anim.) class marker sing. and 1-2d class marker plur. 2 adj. and part. suffix ( < 1t class marker) 3 2d class marker 4 1t class marker (suff.) 5 1st (masc.) and 4th sing. class marker
Tabasaran:d-, r 1
Agul:-r 2
Rutul:r (/?j) 3
Tsakhur:r/j 3, -r 4
Kryz:-r- 5
Budukh:-r-, -r 3
Archi:d-, r 3
Comment:2d class marker in PL; tends to shift to 1t class (note that Tab. d- actually reflects 4th class *d-). It's unique phonetic nature (initial *r-, otherwise possible in PL only from *Hr- clusters) suggests that it is < *jV-r- (where *j is the original 2d class marker, while -r- was introduced from the original 4th class).
Comment: Cf. Lezg. erg. raṭ-ra, Khl. rat, plur. rat:-ar; Tab. Düb. rac:a; Rut. obl. ridi- (Ikhr. rat,rit:i-). The obl. base can be reconstructed as *roc̣:ä- (cf. Tab. rac:a-, Ag. rat:i- with vowel levelling; Rut. ridi- - instead of *rɨdi- with adoption of the more frequent -i-vocalism in the oblique stem). Arch. c̣i is actually a former locative, a contraction < *dVc̣:í 'on the threshing-floor'. The word belongs to the 4th class in all class-distinguishing languages.
See Талибов 1960a, 299; Лексика 1971, 171; Гигинейшвили 1977, 107.
Comment: Cf. also Lezg. erg. riḳ-ini, Khl. rak,rek:-ini, Rut. obl. rigi- (Ikhr. rik:i-) - forms demonstrating regular reflexes of PL *ƛ̣:; Tab. rak: 'door leaf' (in the sense 'door' a derivate form rak:in is used = Arch. diƛ̣:in 'yard'). 4th class in all class-distinguishing languages. The oblique base can be reconstructed as *roƛ̣:ä-, cf. the archaic obl. form in Kryz: rɨka (coexisting with the more recent rikä- = Rut. rigi-, Ikhr. rik:i-); with vowel levelling cf. Ag. rak:a-.
See Trubetzkoy 1922, 241; Лексика 1971, 196; Гигинейшвили 1977, 110.
Meaning:1 to wail, howl 2 to thunder 3 to speak 4 to bark
Lezghian:raχa- 3
Tabasaran:raχ- 2
Agul:ruχ- 1
Tsakhur:ɨ=χIa- 4
Comment: Cf. also Lezg. pret. raχu-na, Ag. Bursh. ruχa- 'to wail'. Pharyngealisation in Tsakh. is expressive. In Agul the root is mixed up with the reflexes of PL *ʔerχʷa 'to ask, read', but in general the two roots are quite distinct.
Comment: 3d class in both languages. Since the root is preserved only in Shakh-Dagh, it is impossible to distinguish between *-ƛ̣:- and *-k- in PL (both yield -k- in Shakh-Dagh languages); indirect evidence in favour of *-ƛ̣:- is, however, Bud. l- (instead of regular r- through assimilation with the former lateral). The word, both in Kryz. and Bud., contains the former plural suffix *-Vr. [NB: the MSU recording for Bud. is lǝkǝrd.]
Comment: Cf. also Lezg. erg. req̇i, Arch. loc. deq̇I:u. Obl. base *riq̇I:ɨ-, cf. Rut. rɨqI:ɨ- and (with vowel levelling) Lezg. req̇i-, Tab. raqI:u-, Ag. raqI:u-, Tsakh. jaqI:ɨ-. 3d class in Rut., Tsakh. and Arch.
See Лексика 1971, 142; Гигинейшвили 1977, 109; Талибов 1980, 264.
