Comment: 4th class in all class-distinguishing languages. In Arch. cf. the conjunctive form č̣at:-u (for demonstrating tense -t: < *-l:). The obl. base can be reconstructed as *č̣ol:a- (cf. Rut. č̣ílɨ-, Kryz. č̣il-; with vowel levelling - Lezg. č̣ala-, Ag. č̣ala(j)-).
Meaning:1 wooden jar 2 spoon; wooden shovel for winnowing
Tabasaran:č̣aq̇a 1 (Düb.)
Agul:č̣aq̇ 1 (Tp.)
Archi:č̣aq̇ʷ 2
Comment: 4th class in Arch. Obl. base unknown. There exists also a Lezg. (Khl.) form č̣uχ-ar 'gutter, kennel': it can go back to the same root with a reflection of deglottalised *q ( > PL *-χ-). Semantically (and formally) cf. Bezht. čüχrö 'gutter' (see above).
Comment: Cf. also Ag. Burk. č̣iIw, Fit. č̣aIw id. The root is attested only in Agul (thus it is not possible to distinguish between reflexes of PL *m: or *p:), but has probable external parallels.
Meaning:1 clay 2 slime on a stone 3 swamp 4 eye secretion 5 wet
Lezghian:č:eb 1
Rutul:ǯäb 2
Tsakhur:ǯab 3
Kryz:č̣eb 5
Budukh:č̣ebi 5
Archi:č̣aIṗi 4
Udi:č:up:u-rut: 4
Comment: Cf. also Lezg. erg. č:ep:e-di; Bud. č̣eb-iǯ 'rain'. Obl. base *č:äp:ɨ- (cf. Rut. ǯäba-, Tsakh. Gelm. ǯab,ǯabɨ-). 4th class in Rut. and Tsakh. In Arch. -ṗ- < *-p:- through assimilation; in some languages PL *č̣äIp: (through regressive assimilation) changed to *č:äIp:.
In Tab. we could possibly link (Düb.) č̣aIṗaI 'home-brewed alcoholic liquor' (perhaps with a pejorative meaning shift < 'dirt, slime'; cf. Arch. χ:aláj 'home-brewed liquor' derived from χ:al- 'bad').
Comment: The Udi form is cited from Khaidakov 1973 and thus not very reliable; but the Archi form is certainly genuine and points to the PL antiquity of the root.
Comment: Cf. also Rut. Khniukh. č̣enḳ. Obl. base *č̣änḳɨ- (cf. Rut. Khniukh. č̣enḳi-, Tsakh. č̣anḳɨ-). 3d class in Rut. and Tsakh. The resemblance to Pers., Az. čäng 'claw' is quite coincidental (foreign č and g are not usually rendered by glottalised consonants in Lezghian languages).
Comment: Cf. also Rut. (participial) č̣uku-d 'hooked, curved'; the Tsakh. form is obviously also participial, but the deriving verb stem is not recorded. Expressive variations of the same stem are probably Tab. c̣a=k-, Ag. c̣ak- 'to be curved' (cf. also Tab. ʁa-c̣a=ku, Ag. c̣aku-f 'hooked, curved').
Comment: There is a certain instability of laryngeal features (rather usual for roots with two occlusives): Tab. points to PL *č̣eƛ̣ (in Tab. there occurred a secondary dissimilative deglottalisation; -č̣ is a normal reflex of *ƛ̣ probably indicating that the original vowel base had a front Auslaut vowel), but Ag. -k: and Kryz. -k- point rather to *ƛ̣: (there is, however, also a recorded variant Kryz. č̣uḳ-ni with ḳ pointing to *ƛ̣). The semantic correlation "fish" : "green" is rather common in Caucasian languages.
Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Khl. č̣emer-uk (-uk is probably of Turkic origin, cf. Turk. ok 'arrow'; this Lezg. compound is equivalent to Rut. jejuχ, Tsakh. jejʔoχ = Turk. jaj-ok 'bow+arrow'); Tab. Düb. č̣imir, lit. č̣emer 'arrow'. -Vr is a former plural marker.
Comment: An expressive root (sometimes with irregular loss of -ʁ- in the combination -ʁl-); 4th class in Kryz, but 3d class in Bud. Cf. also Lezg. Nüt. č̣iʁliṭ-ar, Kur., Fij. č̣irʁiṭ 'partridge'. The root was borrowed in Azerb. ǯüllüt 'snipe'.
Meaning:1 tight plait 2 wooden step 3 yoke 4 rolling-pin 5 (women's) plait 6 spoke of a wheel 7 plaited brake for a sledge 8 funeral stretcher
Lezghian:č̣iq̇ 1,7
Tabasaran:č̣iq̇ 1
Agul:čiq̇ 2,8
Rutul:čiq̇ 3 (Shin.)
Tsakhur:čiq̇ 4
Kryz:č̣iq̇ 5
Udi:č:aʁ 6
Comment: The original meaning was probably "a tight plait", used for making ladders and other artefacts, which explains the wide variety of meanings in modern languages. Phonetic notes: Ag., Rut. and Tsakh. reflect a form with dissimilation ( *č̣- > *č-; cf., however, Tsakh. proper č̣iq̇). The obl. base is *č̣iq̇ɨ-, cf. Ag. čiq̇i-, Tsakh. (Tsakh.) č̣iq̇ɨ-.
