Comment: 4th class in Rut. and Arch. Cf. also Tab. Düb. furu, Ag. Bursh. muf:ur, Rut. Ikhr. rɨxnä. The most simple and archaic root structure is preserved in Tab. Düb. furu. Most other languages reflect a form with suffixed *-n or *-m and multiple metatheses (*ʎ:ʷɨrV-n > Tab. furin, with metathesis > Rut. nixrä-b (-b is a recently added plural suffix), Ikhr. rɨxnä;*ʎ:ʷɨrV-m > *mɨʎ:ʷVr > Ag. mufur, Bursh. muf:ur). A special case is Arch. duʎ:ur : it either reflects *ʎ:ʷɨrV with suffixed (plural) -r - *ʎ:ʷɨrV-r > (with metathesis) *rɨʎ:ʷVr > duʎ:ur, or - which is more probable in view of the external evidence - reflects the stem *ʎ:ʷɨrV with a prefixed *rV- (*rV-ʎ:ʷɨr > duʎ:ur), cf. PD *ʔur-x:ʷir, Cham. raʎir.
The Agul word certainly belongs here; however, its aberrant meaning 'leather rope' may be due to a contamination with another PEC root (see *Hxǝ̄mV̆ 'leather rope'), which should have yielded *ʎamV(-r) in PL, but is not attested.
Comment: The root is an original adverb, and is preserved in Arch. in this function: ʎ:ʷa 'together', ʎ:ʷa-k 'near' (cf. perhaps also Rut. xur-baj 'in front'?). In all other Lezghian languages it is preserved only as a case suffix (this function had been present already in PL, cf. Arch. -ʎ:u id.) or a preverb meaning 'near, by'.
Comment: The Rut., Kryz. and Bud. forms reflect a suffixed *ʎol(a)na (in Shakh-Dagh with addition of the plural suffix), which may in fact reflect directly the PEC cluster *-ln-. 4th class in Rut. and Tsakh., but 3d class in Shakh-Dagh. Cf. Лексика 1971, 169; Гигинейшвили 1977, 122.
Comment: Arch. -t:-(morphonologically, cf. plur. ʎot:-or). Probably the same root may be observed in Tsakh. xɨt́-xaĺ 'armpit', although the meaning of the first component (xɨt́-) is not clear.
Comment: Cf. also Ag. Burk. xaxal. The word is most probably an assimilation < *kʷi(l)-xal, a compound with *kʷil 'hand' q.v. (cf. the analogous compound in PA). 4th class in Tsakh.
Comment: The original meaning of the root had been 'wind' (cf. the external evidence), hence the divergent meanings ( > a/ 'cold, chill', b/ 'hope, prayer'). However, for the Arch. word borrowing from Av. or Darg. is not excluded.
Comment: The form contains a suffix *-wal, cf. Tsakh. Gelm. xɨńa-waĺ.The root is isolated within Lezgian, but has rather probable external correspondences.
Comment: Cf. also Ag. Bursh. ʕar-šil, Fit., Burk. q:ar-xil. Ag. and Tab. reflect a compound with some not quite clear first component (is it a distorted PL *χ:ɨl 'hand'? or *q:Iun 'arm'?). Labialisation (clearly reflected in the Rut. form) was early lost in Ag. and Tab.
Comment: Cf. also Tsakh. Gelm. fɨra 'raspberry'. In Lezg. the root is reduplicated; the Ag. form means literally 'black' + mexer. We must note that the Agul form is a result of some analogical restructuring (there are no reasons to reconstruct *mV- in this root for PL). 4th class in Rut. and Tsakh.
Comment: 4th class in Rut. and Tsakh. Obl. stem *ƛ:olV- (cf. Rut. ɣɨli-). Phonetically coincides with PL *ƛ:al 'bark, shell' (q.v.), although such a semantic shift is hard to explain.
