Комментарий: Cf. Lezg. erg. q:aq:u-ni, Khl. q:ak, Ag. Bursh. ʕaj-ar, Rut. Shin. q:ag, Ikhr. q:äj, Tsakh. (Tsakh.) q:aʁ. The second consonant is undoubtedly *ƛ:, with uvular assimilation in some languages (Lezg., Rut., Tsakh.). 4th class in all class-distinguishing languages.
Комментарий: Obl. stem *q:alk:a- (~ *q:alk:e-), cf. Rut. q:argɨ-, Tsakh. ʁarga-. *-l- is safely reconstructed (PL *-r- would be lost in this position both in Rut. and Tsakh.).
Комментарий: Cf. also Tab. Düb. q:aq:a 'burden', Arch. qaqa-n id. Arch. qoq reflects PL *q:oq: (probably an original oblique base *q:oq:V- with Ablaut). Cf. also the derivate adjective in Tab. and Ag.: Tab. ʁaʁi, Ag. Bursh. ʁeʁe-r, Burk. q:eq:e-f, Tp. q:iq:e-f, Fit. q:iq:i-t 'heavy'. The original meaning was 'back' > 'what is born on back, burden'.
Комментарий: Cf. also Tab. Düb. q:uj (the lit. and Kand. ʁʷaʔ is actually a locative form < *q:owe-ʔ 'on the ceiling'), Ag. Burk. ʁu (ʁuji-). 4th class in Rut. and Kryz. The oblique base can be reconstructed as *q:owe- (cf. Lezg. q:awu-, Tab. ʁʷa-, Düb. q:uja-, Ag. Bursh. ʕuji-, Burk. ʁuji-, Rut. q:awɨ-).
Комментарий: Oblique vowel base unclear. Serves as basis for the adjective 'yellow' in Tab. (ʁatχu with infixed adjectival -t-; cf. also Düb. q:arχi (with -r-) "yellow" and a back-building q:arχ 'bile, gall'). An influence of Azer. Gaχ 'dried fruits' is possible, but the root is no doubt genuine.
Комментарий: 3d class in all class-distinguishing languages. The variation between *q:Iaj ( > Rut. ʁIa, Tsakh. with metathesis jɨʁI) and *q:Ian: (Arch. qIin /with not quite clear vowel reflex/, erg. qIinni, Tab. ʁIad, Kand. ʁIaǯ - but Düb. q:Iaj) is probably explained as earlier variation *-ħn- (>PL -j-) / *-nħ- ( > PL -n:-).
In the oblique stem we must reconstruct *q:Iojɨ- / *q:Ion:ɨ- (besides Arch., cf. also Rut. ʁIɨ-, Tsakh. jɨʁIɨ-); in Tsakh. the obl. stem vocalism is reflected also in the direct base (jɨʁI).
Several Lezghian languages reflect a compound form *mVq:Ian: (probably a distortion of *marq: 'pole' + *q:Ian: 'bridge, ladder'): cf. Lezg. müʁ, erg. müq:ü, Khl. miʁ,miq:ä-, Ag. muR̀, Bursh., Burk. muR̀, Tp. muʕ, Fit. muʁI 'bridge' (reflecting a reinterpreted stem *muq:I), Rut. maʁIad 'ladder' (opposed to ʁIa 'bridge') and Tsakh. (Mishl.) mɨʁIad 'scaffold' (opposed to jɨʁI 'bridge').
Комментарий: Cf. also Tab. Düb. q̇Iamc:a, Ag. Bursh. R̀anc̣ʷ, Burk. q̇ec̣ / q:ec̣. 4th class in Rut. The root reveals a variation between *q:I- (which is the original variant) and *q̇I- (result of assimilation). Oblique base is not clear.
Комментарий: Obl. base *q:Ianɨ-, as seen both from Lezg. adj. q:eni and from obl. bases: Lezg. q:eni-, Tab. ʁIana-. The locative (inessive) case is used in Ag. and Lezg. as an adverb 'inside': Lezg. q:ene (Khl. q:ena), Ag. R̀anaʕ (Bursh. R̀anaʔ).
Комментарий: There are some irregularities due to the root's expressive nature. Arch. qanc̣a 'hook put on shoes in slippery weather' is probably not genuinely cognate, but rather borrowed from Old Avar.
Комментарий: Cf. also Tab. Düb. q:ilq:il id.; with irregular metathesis and an expressive suffix probably also Ag. Burk. q:üšq:el ( < *q:uIlq:-aš) "horse's dung". An expressive reduplicated root, but having probable external parallels.
Комментарий: The Arch. form is originally locative ("in summer"); the primary noun has been also preserved, but vice versa - in locative function (qIit "in summer").
See Trubetzkoy 1930, 83; Лексика 1971, 190; Гигинейшвили 1977, 115.
