Комментарий: 4th class in all class-distinguishing languages (except Kryz., where it belongs to the 3d class). Obl. stem *χ:ila- or *χ:ile- (cf. Tsakh. χewa-; Ablaut is preserved in Kryz. χil-).
Комментарий: Cf. also Lezg. Nüt. ʕac̣, Khl. ʕäc̣ id. 3d class in Kryz. Kryz. has an irregular hushing consonant (a contamination with ħäč̣ 'star' ?). The word is not attested in Budukh (where it would have given *ʕäč̣), but it is probable that an early Shakhdagh (Budukh) form like *ʁIäč̣ (before the change *χ:I > *ʁI > ʕ) was borrowed in Khin. ʁäč̣ 'young goat'.
Комментарий: In Ag. there occurred a metathesis (X̀ula- < X̀alu-, cf. Bursh. X̀alu-š:̌uj, Fit. χIalu-xüj). The root is used either as adjectival (typical for kinship terms - in Archi), or in a compound with words meaning 'man' / 'woman' (cf. in Tab.: χIalu-ž̌ (masc.), χIalu-š (fem.), Kand. χIali-ž̌,χIali-š, Düb. χIali-ž̌i,χIali-šiw; in Ag. - X̀ula-šuj (masc.), X̀ula-xir (fem.).)
Комментарий: Cf. also Tab. South. (Magometov) χ:Ian 'yard', Ag. Tp. ʕan (these forms, together with Lezg. ʁen, point to PL *χ:I-). The obl. stem *χ:Ianɨ- is indicated by Lezg. ʁeni-.
Комментарий: Obl. base *χ:Iälɨ-, cf. Rut. χIalɨ-; it is preserved in Arch. χ:Iolo 'in the sky',although the root itself (> Arch. χ:Iel) had acquired the meaning 'rain'. 4th class in all languages. See Лексика 1971, 191.
Комментарий: Cf. also Lezg. Khl. re-χü, Tab. Khan. χ:Iäw, Ag. Bursh., Burk. X̀aw, Fit. χIaw, Tp. ʕaw; Tsakh. (Tsakh.) χIo, Gelm. χIʷa ( < *χIewa with reduction; this form points to the PL paradigm *χ:Iewa, obl. *χIewä-). Lezg. reflects a form which may point to former changing class prefixes.
Значение:1 husband 2 bull-calf 3 calf 4 young he-goat
Лезгинский:ʁül 1
Рутульский:miχIɨl 4
Цахурский:mɨχIɨwa 4 (Gelm.)
Крызский:läħ 3
Будухский:leħ / leʕ 3
Арчинский:χ:Iili 2
Комментарий: Cf. also Lezg. Khl. χül 'husband'. The initial mɨ- in Rut. and Tsakh. is secondary, on analogy with *motol 'kid'. Arch. has a suffixed form (χ:Iili < *χ:IolV-j). The Shakhdagh forms have a complicated history: one can reconstruct a proto-Shakhdagh paradigm *laχ:I,*loχ:IV- (strong *χ:I is indicated by Bud. voiced -ʕ; the Ablaut is preserved in the Kryz. paradigm läħ,lüħü-r). Since other languages have no trace of Ablaut in this root, it is probable that the form *laχ:I was an innovative back-formation after the productive model *CaC / *CoCV- and that the earlier form was *loχ:I - a metathesis of the PL *χ:Iol. The early Shakhdagh form was borrowed in Khin. as läq 'calf' (with q rendering the strong fricative χ:I, absent in Khinalug).
Комментарий: The PL paradigm can be reconstructed as *χ:Iʷala,*χ:Iolä- (whence the -ɨ-vocalism in Rut. and Tsakh., reflecting the shift of the oblique base to direct). 4th class in Rut. and Tsakh.
Комментарий: Cf. also Lezg. Khl. χil, Tab. Ulz. χ:il, Ag. Bursh. χ:il, Tp. ʁil. Obl. base *χ:ɨle-, cf. Lezg. ʁili-, Tab. χili-, Ag. χili-, Rut. χɨli-, Tsakh. χɨle-. The weak reflex χ- in Archi (χ:- would be expected) may be probably explained by the contamination of PL *χ:ɨl 'hand' and *χäla 'sleeve' q.v. 4th class in Rut., Arch. and Tsakh.
Комментарий: Cf. also Ag. Tp. (Shaumyan) ʁurt 'foam', unambiguously pointing to PL *χ:-. Obl. base *χ:urtɨ- (cf. Ag. χurtu-, Tsakh. χurtɨ-). 4th class in Tsakh. and Kryz.
Значение:1 northern slope of a mountain 2 mountain slope
Табасаранский:χʷanḳ 1
Агульский:χʷan 2
Рутульский:χin 1
Арчинский:χ:ʷan 1
Комментарий: The -a Auslaut (and the obl. stem *χ:ʷanä-) can be established on basis of Ag. (obl. χʷana-) and Rut. (obl. χina-) data. The vowel -i- in Rut. is rather enigmatic (otherwise the correspondences are quite regular); -ḳ in Tab. is a former diminutive suffix (cf. Kand. χʷan without it, and related Ag. forms: Fit. χʷanḳ-ar, Bursh. χanḳʷ-ar). The word belongs to the 3d class in Rut., but to the 4th class in Arch.
Значение:1 lime-tree 2 log, pole 3 tree 4 ceiling 5 beam
Лезгинский:ʁʷar 2
Табасаранский:ʁʷard 2
Агульский:ʁʷad 4
Рутульский:χɨd 1
Цахурский:hala-χ:ʷar 2
Арчинский:χ:at 5
Удинский:χod 3
Комментарий: An interesting root. Several reflexes contain the suffix *-t: (observed also in other tree names). The oblique base can be reconstructed as *χ:or-t:V- with a regular Ablaut *a/*o, cf. Tab. Düb. ʁurdi- (in literary Tab. there occurred already a vowel levelling: ʁʷarda-, cf. also Lezg. ʁʷarc:i-, Ag. ʁʷadi-); this also explains the delabialised form Rut. χɨd (instead of *χʷad). The root means 'lime-tree' (whence 'tree' in general in Udi). Lime-tree logs must have been mainly used as poles for planking the ceiling, and this particular meaning obtains in Lezg. (Khliut dialect - in literary Lezgian it means already 'log' in general), Tab. (cf. also ʁʷarda-n 'ceiling' - but in Düb. the root preserved the original meaning 'lime-tree'), Tsakh. and Arch. (where the root means the principal holding ceiling-pole). It is interesting that some Rut. dialects preserve the meaning 'log' in compounds (cf. Ikhr. ala-χʷar 'a thick log' = Tsakh. hala-χ:ʷar), while the suffixed base *χ:ʷart: has here only the meaning 'lime-tree'. [Not quite clear is the loss of labialisation in Arch.; for the regular reflex of PL *t: cf. Arch. plur. χ:at:-ur.]
