Комментарий: Other relevant forms: Ag. Bursh. χI:uj, Tsakh. Gelm. χʷajä. In PL there existed a parallel oblique base *χ:ʷäj-rV-, cf. Ag. Bursh. χI:ura-ni-, whence the Kryz. and Bud. direct forms with -r.
See Trubetzkoy 1930, 85; Лексика 1971, 158; Гигинейшвили 1977, 121.
Комментарий: Cf.also Arch. loc. χ:ʷak:a (characteristic for the reflex of *-k-). Medial *-r- can not be reconstructed on Lezgian ground (*-r- disappears before velars both in Rut. and Arch.), but has to be supposed on external evidence.
Комментарий: Cf. also Tab. Kand. χp:i-r (pl. χp:-ar), Ag. Bursh. χewe-r (pl. χaw-ar) 'woman'. Originally pluralis tantum with *-p:V as a plural marker; -ar in Ag. χumbar, Tab. pl. χp:-ar had been added later. The Lezg. and Kryz. forms are somewhat resembling Az. χanɨm 'lady', but borrowing is quite improbable for phonetic reasons.
Комментарий: Cf. also Lezg. Khl. χt:ɨl, Tab. Kand. χut:ul, Düb. χut:ul, Ag. Fit., Burk. χut:ul (voiceless -t:- in all the listed Tab. and Ag. forms is a result of assimilation to χ- after a narrow reduced vowel), Ag. Bursh. χurul. Kryz. > Khin. χɨdɨl id.
Комментарий: 4th class in Rut. and Arch. Cf. also Tab. Kand., Düb. χuṭil, Ag. obl. χuji- (Bursh. χuj,χuji-). The Tab. form probably reflects some old compound (cf. Inkh. ʁIu-dul 'field', see above).
Комментарий: The Shakh-Dagh and Lezg. forms are metathesized; in Shakh-Dagh the root lost its original meaning "lung", which is preserved in Kryz. (Al.) only in the compound luzu taχul "lung" (lit. "white liver"). 4th class in Rut. and Kruz., 3d class in Arch.
Cf. also Tab. Düb. ʁurdil, Ag. Bursh. χ:urdul, Tp. ʁudul - all these forms point to PL *χ:-, while Arch. χurt:ur-t:i points to *χ- (other languages are ambivalent).
Комментарий: Cf. also Ag. Bursh. χuṭ. Rut. χud (instead of χuṭ) - a contamination with χud 'fist'. The obl. base Ag. χuṭu- may go back to PL *χuṭe- or *χuṭɨ-.
Комментарий: The root is rather difficult to reconstruct (because of its expressive nature). The most archaic variant is probably preserved in Tab. and Ag. (in the latter it contaminated with PL *χu(m)ṭ 'sting' q.v. which is a different root). Other languages reflect a suffixed stem *χuṭ-Vr or *χuṭ-Vl, often with a double suffixation *χuṭ-Vr-Vm or *χuṭ-Vl-Vm (in Kryz., besides χuluṭ 'larynx' < *χuṭ-ul there exists also χulṭum 'Adam's apple' = (with metathesis) Bud. q̇ulṭuχum < golu 'throat'+ *χulṭum). A Lezghian (Shakh-Dagh) loan is Khin. χurṭum 'throat, larynx'.
The word belongs to the 3d class in all class-distinguishing languages.
The original meaning was probably "Adam's apple" (cf. also the external evidence) with a later metaphorical shift in Tab. and Ag. ("Adam's apple of the belly" > "navel").
Комментарий: Cf. also Tab. Düb. χuj, Ag. Fit. χIuj, Burk. χi. Pharyngealization in Ag. dialects is secondary (before an original front vowel). The Arch. form is actually a back-building from the derived verb χʷe-t:a- 'to swear, take oath'.
Комментарий: The meaning 'spider' in Ag. (the same in Arch.: ḳʷeṭ-χʷarši 'spider', lit. "skein-worm") is due to contamination with another root, PL *χarVsʷ / *χasʷVr 'spider' q.v. Cf. perhaps also (with expressive pharyngealization) Ag. Burk. ħarčaj 'grasshopper, locust'.
Значение:1 furrow 2 plot (of land) 3 a grass-covered stripe around the ploughed field
Лезгинский:χʷal 1
Табасаранский:χul 1
Агульский:χul 1
Крызский:xil 1
Арчинский:χot:on 3
Удинский:χIal 2
Комментарий: The Archi word contains a frequent nominal suffix -n. Cf. also Lezg. Khl. χʷal, Tab. Düb. χul, Ag. Bursh. χul. Obl. base *χʷel:a- (cf. Lezg. χʷala-, Tab. Düb. χuli-). 3d class in Kryz., but 4th class in Archi. Initial x- in Kryz. is quite irregular - probably result of contamination with xel "trace".
