Meaning:1 heap 2 mound,hillock 3 small stack 4 top of head
Lezghian:ḳunṭ 2,3
Tabasaran:gunṭ 1,3
Agul:gunṭ 1,3
Rutul:guṭ 2 (Shin.)
Tsakhur:ḳunṭ 4
Kryz:gunṭ 1
Udi:k:ot:-man 3
Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Khl. k:unṭ 'heap, small stack', Rut. Khnov. ḳuṭman 'small stack', Ud. k:ot:-t:aq: (synonymous with k:ot:-man) id., Tsakh. (prop.) ḳut-ne 'mountain top'. Rather hard to attribute is Tsakh. goṭ́ 'heap' (old loan from Rutul?). Obl. base *k:unṭɨ- (cf. Lezg. ḳunṭu-, Tsakh. ḳunṭu-, Tab. gunṭa-). In some languages there occurred an assimilation (*k:- > ḳ-); the original structure of laryngeal features is preserved in Lezg. (Khl.), Ag., Tab. and Rut.
Meaning:1 skull 2 occiput 3 crown of head 4 pumpkin
Lezghian:k:ug 4
Tabasaran:gug 2,4
Agul:gurga-ħ 1
Rutul:gug-uj 3 (Khniukh.)
Comment: PL obl. base *k:u[r]k:a- (cf. Tab. guga-, Ag. gurga-ħ which is originally a locative form). Reconstruction of *-r- is not very reliable, since it should have been preserved in Tab.
Comment: In Lezg. Khl. there is also a variant k:argʷ. 3d class in Rut. Preservation of liquid in Rut. points directly to PL *-l- (*-r- would have disappeared in this position).
Meaning:1 bag (of a hunter) 2 winter-supply of dried meat
Lezghian:k:ʷan 1
Tabasaran:gʷan 2
Rutul:gʷan 2
Tsakhur:gon-na 2 (Mishl.)
Comment: In Tsakh. the stem is an adjective, serving as an attribute in gonna q:arg 'supply of dried mutton', gonna jac 'supply of dried beef'. 3d class in Rutul. Obl. stem unknown.
Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Khl. k:ʷar, Tab. Düb. gar id. Obl. base *k:ʷara- or *k:ʷarä-, cf. Tab. gʷara-, Ag. gʷara-. Since the external parallels of this word mean 'gutter', it would be tempting to relate here also Arch. gʷarč:i 'mill kennel, funnel'; there is, however, no *-č:-suffix in Lezghian, and this problem remains open.
Comment: Lezg. erg. k:at:ra ( < k:art:-ra). 3d class in Rut. and Arch. (in Arch., moreover, the word has a suffix -b of the 3d class, as if it were an adjective). See Хайдаков 1973, 17.
Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Akht. k:ɨng (indicating that g- in Lezg. lit. is a later assimilation). Lezg. > Turk. künk 'watering tube' (without any Turkic connections).
Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Kur. t:urḳun, Khl. tuḳun, Akht. ṭuḳun, Yark. durgun, Tab. Kand. gurǯim ( < *gurdim), Ag. Bursh. ḳulṭum, Burk. guṭaj, Arch. pl. gʷat:-ur. 3d class in all class-distinguishing languages.
The languages reveal suffixed forms with *-n (Lezg., Rut., Tsakh., Kryz., Bud.), *-m (Tab., Ag.), *-l,*-j (Ag.). The primary structure of laryngeal features (*k:ʷɨrṭ-) is probably retained in Ag. (guṭ-ul,guṭ-aj) and Lezg. Kur. (with metathesis t:urḳ-un). Forms in other languages and dialects have underwent a progressive or regressive assimilation (rather typical for roots of this structure). The vocalism is quite regular (Arch. and Kryz. -a- and -u- in other languages unambiguously point to *-ɨ- aftera labiovelar).
The resemblance to Pers. gurde 'kidney' (see Horn 1893, 202 for its Indo-Iranian etymology) is quite fortuitous (although Ud. gurdak: 'kidney' is obviously borrowed from Middle Persian and not related to other Lezghian forms): the loan is improbable both for phonetic reasons and because of the root's reliable EC etymology.
Comment: Cf. also Lezg. Kur. gʷeṭi 'narrow'. Initial *gʷ- may be also reconstructed on basis of Lezg. data (but in Lezg. gʷ- may be < *k:ʷ- before the following glottalized stop). In Shakhdagh there occurred an assimilation (-ṭ- > -d-), usual in roots of this type.
Vocalic quality is not clear (because of reductions in the first syllable); pharyngealization is probable because of front-vocalic reflexes in Lezg. and Ag.
Comment: The Archi word demonstrates a regular development *c > s, and the PL reconstruction seems justified (although, of course, interlingual loans are possible).
Comment: Cf. also Tab. Düb. kuč:im, Ag. Bursh. kuršem. Different dialects reflect variants with *š and *č:, parallelling a similar variation in some other EC languages (see above).
Comment: 4th class in Rut., 3d class in Archi. The meaning in Archi is "surface of the threshing-floor (dried dung mixed with straw)". Cf. also Lezg. Khl. kɨb, Tab. Düb. kup, Ag. Fit. kub, Burk. ku. Obl. base *kuṗɨ- (cf. Lezg. Khl. kp:ɨ-, Ag. kup:a-, Fit. kup:u-, Burk. kuwi-).
Comment: The meaning in Ud. is original; in the Shakhdagh languages there was a semantic development 'pit, ravine' > 'river' (cf. similar semantic development in Tsezian languages).
