Comments: 3d class in all languages. Obl. base *duq̇a- (Chech. duq̇a-, Ing. duq̇o id.); the Ablaut stem *daq̇- is preserved in plural: Chech. daq̇q̇a-, Ing. dowq̇a- < *daq̇-bV-.
Comments: Initial *l- in most forms is either a prefix or the result of an old reduplication (without it cf. Bacb. imper. -ol "come (here)!"). Cf. also *-ē-b-Ł- in Chech. -īl- "to walk across, walk out". Since Chech. and Ing. have preserved only the durative stem, it is hard to establish vowel length in the PN terminative form *l-aŁ- ( > Bacb. lal-). The affricate *-Ł- is reconstructed on basis of Bacb. (Matsiyev) leʎ-, (Kadagidze) lel-.
Comments: The two words in Chech. are hard to separate, although words meaning "egg" belong to the 3d class, and words meaning "grain" - to the 6th class in Chech. and Ing. (in Ing. fuʔ "grain forage" vacillates between 5th and 6th classes, and in Bacb. oʔ "grain" belongs to the 5th class). The original meaning is pro- bably "grain, grain forage" (cf. the external evidence) with a secondary de- velopment of meaning "grain > egg". The Chech. form hoʔa is obviously a result of a secondary analogy with the obl. stem hoʔa- (Ing. fuʔo).
The vowel -u- (instead of -o-) in Ing. (cf. also Chech. Cheb. huʔa, Pharch. huʔ "egg") is due to the strong labializing influence of initial *f-.
Comments: 6th class in both languages. Abayev (1,485-486) thinks that the Nakh forms are borrowed from Ossetian (fūrd / ford 'big river, sea'). But the Ossetian word has no Iranian or IE etymology (see Abayev ibid.), whereas the NC etymology of the Nakh word ( = Av. raʎád etc.) is quite clear - therefore it is obvious that the Ossetian word is borrowed from Nakh.
Comments: External evidence suggests rather *h- for PN; in Chech. *h- and *f- have merged into h-, but in Ingush we would rather expect *wuttare from *huttir-. The distinction of *h- and *f- before labialised vowels, however, is not very regularly kept, and PN *h- in this root is not entirely excluded.
Comments: Ing. gijg goes back to *gag-iḳ. Vowel length is unclear (the Ing. obl. base gägo has a long ǟ, but it may be due to the loss of *-g-). 3d class in all lan- guages.
