Nakh etymology : Query result

Proto-Nakh: *=ill-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to lie 2 to put

Chechen: ʕ-ill- 1,=ill 2

Ingush: all- 1, =ill- 2

Batsbi: =ill- 2

Comments: A very productive PN root with rich Ablaut. It forms two vowel grade pairs:

1) PN term. *-ill- (also with a *ʕ- preverb) > Chech. ʕill- "lie", -ill- "put upon (smth.)", Ing. -ill- "put", Bacb. -ill- id. / dur. *-ē-b-l > Bacb. -ebl- "put upon, inside". The root is also used with a t- prefix ( *t-ill- 'to put (from above)' > Chech., Ing., Bacb. till-, dur. *t-ēbl- > Bacb. tebl-.

2) PN intr. *-āll- > Chech. -all- (-äll-ira) "be (put) inside", Ing. -all- (-oall-) "to be inside", all- "lie" / tr. *-ōll- > Chech., Ing., Bacb. -oll- "to put inside, put in".

There are also some common Nakh forms with a single *-l- (geminated *-ll- in the forms listed above is either expressive, or reflects old suffixation). Besides *-ēbl- 'to put upon, inside' cf. also PN *=ōl- / *=ēbl- 'to begin' (Chech. =ōl-, Ing. =ol-, Bacb. =ol- / =ebl-), =āl- / *=ēbl- 'to finish' (Chech. =āl-/=īl-/=owl-, Ing. =al-). The semantic change 'to put > to begin/finish' ('*to put a beginning/end') is widely spread in Caucasian languages.

An old nominal derivate is PN *lol ( < *r-ol = PC *rɨLǝ, PA *riƛV-) "leathern loop on belt for hanging up the dagger" (= "receptacle, place to put smth. in"), reflected in Chech. lol (lala-ra-), Ing. lol (lala-ro).

[The productiveness of this root in PN may be explained by the fact that it probably reflects a merger of two EC roots: *-ä̆ƛĔw and *-iŁV 'to put'.]

Proto-Nakh: *=is-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: stay

Chechen: =is-

Ingush: =is-

Batsbi: =is-

Proto-Nakh: *=ist

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: edge, end

Chechen: =ist

Ingush: =ist

Batsbi: bist

Comments: Bacb. bist in Matsiyev's notation (Kadagidze: bisṭ). Vowel length unclear (because of the consonant cluster). One of the stems with changing class prefixes.

Proto-Nakh: *=it-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to leave

Chechen: =it-

Ingush: =it-

Batsbi: =it-

Proto-Nakh: *=itt-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to wash (clothes etc.)

Chechen: =itt-

Ingush: =itt-

Batsbi: =itt-

Proto-Nakh: *=oss-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to descend, go down

Chechen: =oss-

Ingush: =oss-

Batsbi: =oss-

Comments: Dur. *=iss- is attested in Chech. =iss-.

Proto-Nakh: *=ōbc-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to plait 2 to weave

Chechen: =ūc- 1

Ingush: =uc- 1

Batsbi: =opc- 1,2

Comments: Cf. also dur. *=ēbc- reflected in Bacb. =epc- id. Medial -b- is probably an original "plural aspect" marker.

Proto-Nakh: *=ōbʎ- ( ~ -l-,-Ł-)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to pull, stretch

Chechen: =ūl-

Ingush: =uwl-

Comments: Absence of the Bacb. parallel does not allow to choose between PN *-ʎ-, *-l- or *-Ł-.

Proto-Nakh: *=ōc̣-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to weave 2 to plait 3 to tie, bind

Chechen: =ōz- 1

Ingush: =uwz- 2

Batsbi: =oc̣- 3

Comments: Ingush reflects a form with an infix (*=ō-b-c̣-). Cf. also PN *ħ-ābc̣- > Chech. ħowz- 'to spin; turn round', Ing. ħowz- id.

Proto-Nakh: *=ōʁ- / *=ēbʁ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 to erect, plant 2 to sit

Chechen: =ōʁ-

Ingush: =oʁ- 1, =aʁ- 2

Batsbi: =oʁ- 1, =aʁ- 2

Comments: PN *=ōʁ- is the terminative stem; durative (with infix and Ablaut) *=ē-b-ʁ- is reflected in Chech. =īʁ- (with the same meaning).

The intransitive Ablaut correlate with *-ā- is PN *=āʁ- 'to sit'. Vowel length here can be established by the Ing. pret. =äʁaw. In Bacb. the root is preserved in the compound ʕe=aʁ- "to sit". This is one of the relatively rare cases of the *a/*o "intransitive/ transitive" Ablaut in PN.

Proto-Nakh: *=ōtt-/*=ētt-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to pour

Chechen: =ott-

Ingush: =ott-

Batsbi: =ott-

Comments: *=ōtt- is terminative, *=ētt- - durative; in Bacb. there exists also a stem =att- ( < *=ātt-) 'to be poured (out)'.

Proto-Nakh: *=ōχ- / *=ēχ-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to be destroyed, damaged

Chechen: =ōχ-

Ingush: =oχ-

Batsbi: =oχ-

Comments: The durative stem *=ēχ- (with regular Ablaut) is preserved only in Bacb. =eχ-.

Proto-Nakh: *=ōž-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to fall

Chechen: =ōž-

Ingush: =ož-

Batsbi: =ož-

Comments: Dur. *=ēbž- is reflected in Bacb. =ebž- 'to fall'.

Proto-Nakh: *=u / =a

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to be, is (an auxiliary verb)

Chechen: =u

Ingush: =a

Batsbi: =a

Comments: The auxiliary verb "to be", used only in the present tense. The -u-vocalism in Chech. is probably secondary (*u_-i > *w-u in the first class, whereas *-i > -a in other classes).

Proto-Nakh: *=uc̣-i(na)

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: full

Chechen: =üz-na

Ingush: =iza

Batsbi: =uc̣-inŏ

Comments: A participle form from PN *=uc̣- "to be filled, satiated" (Chech. =uz-, Bacb. =uc̣-). It is rather probable, that PN *=ac̣-i(n) 'heavy' (Chech., Ing. =eza, Bacb. =ac̣ĩ, Cheb. =azĩ, Khild. =eʒĭ etc; the pure root is preserved in Chech. =az-dan "make expensive", Bacb. =ac̣-dar "make heavy") is an Ablaut variant of the same stem.

Proto-Nakh: *=uħ

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: 1 face 2 edge,blade 3 end 4 beginning

Chechen: jüħ 1,3

Ingush: juħ 1, duħ 4

Batsbi: juħ 1, duħ 2

Comments: In Chech. cf. also -üħ-ig 'end' (with changing class prefixes). In Bacb. the root is present also in the compound joħ-koṭŏ, doħ-koṭŏ 'face' and in adverbs -ujħ-ṭeχ (with changing class prefixes) 'face down', dujħrẽ 'at first' and juħal 'on the other side (of a river, ravine)'.

The same root served as stem in the derivate *ɦi-ri-n ( < *-uHi-ri-n) 'sharp' > Chech., Ing. ira, Bacb. ʕirĩ.

Proto-Nakh: *=[u]q̇-

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: to stop up, plug

Chechen: =uq̇-

Ingush: =iq̇-

Batsbi: =uq̇-

Comments: The vowel -i- in Ing. is unclear. Bacb. also has a durative stem aṗq̇- ( < *ʔabq̇-).

Proto-Nakh: *=uq̇i-n

North Caucasian etymology: North Caucasian etymology

Meaning: thick (of liquids), dense

Chechen: =üq̇a

Ingush: =iq̇a

Batsbi: =uq̇ĩ

Comments: Cf. also Cheb. =uq̇ĩ, Shar. =ujq̇ĩ, Lev. =üq̇ĩ etc. For the pure root cf. Chech. =uq̇-dan, Bacb. =uq̇-dar 'to thicken, make dense'.

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