Chinese characters : Query result

Character: 舂

Modern (Beijing) reading: chōng

Preclassic Old Chinese: toŋ

Classic Old Chinese: toŋ

Western Han Chinese: toŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: ćoŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: ćoŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ćoŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: ćoŋ

Middle Chinese: śöuŋ

English meaning : to pound with a pestle

Russian meaning[s]: 1) обдирать (зерно); толочь; 2) трамбовать (землю)

Comments: MC ś- is dialectal; cf. archaic Min forms pointing to *ć- < *t-: Xiamen ciŋ¹, Fuzhou cüŋ¹.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 134

Four-angle index: 1047

Karlgren code: 1192 a-b

Character: 舵

Modern (Beijing) reading: duò

Preclassic Old Chinese: lhājʔ

Classic Old Chinese: lhā́j

Western Han Chinese: lhā́j

Eastern Han Chinese: lhǟ́

Early Postclassic Chinese: dhā́

Middle Postclassic Chinese: dhā́

Late Postclassic Chinese: dhā́

Middle Chinese: dấ

English meaning : rudder, steering-wheel [Tang]

Comments: Viet. lái is a very archaic loanword (not later than Han-time); regular Sino-Viet. is d_à. For *lh cf. Chaozhou thɔ² (reflecting a variant *lhāj).

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Vietnamese reading: lái

Character: 舷

Modern (Beijing) reading: xián

Russian meaning[s]: борт судна

Radical: 137

Four-angle index: 8686

Character: 舶

Modern (Beijing) reading: bó

Russian meaning[s]: 1) морская джонка; 2) импортный

Radical: 137

Four-angle index: 1634

Character: 船

Modern (Beijing) reading: chuán

Preclassic Old Chinese: lon

Classic Old Chinese: lwan

Western Han Chinese: lwan

Eastern Han Chinese: źwan

Early Postclassic Chinese: źwen

Middle Postclassic Chinese: źwen

Late Postclassic Chinese: źwen

Middle Chinese: źwen

English meaning : boat [L.Zhou]

Russian meaning[s]: лодка; корабль; судно; пароход

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 137

Four-angle index: 1417

Karlgren code: 0229 e-f

Vietnamese reading: thuyền

Jianchuan Bai: jĩ7-

Dali Bai: je7-

Bijiang Bai: ńa7

Character: 莎

Modern (Beijing) reading: suō

Preclassic Old Chinese: srāj

Classic Old Chinese: srāj

Western Han Chinese: ṣāj

Eastern Han Chinese: ṣǟ

Early Postclassic Chinese: ṣạ̄

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ṣạ̄

Late Postclassic Chinese: ṣạ̄

Middle Chinese: ṣạ

English meaning : a k. of locust (only in compounds)

Russian meaning[s]: бот. осока; [shā] зоол. кузнечик

Comments: Since Han used also for *sōj, MC swâ, Pek. suō name of a plant (Cyperus).

Radical: 140

Four-angle index: 4072

Karlgren code: 0016 f

Character: 莞

Modern (Beijing) reading: wǎn

Preclassic Old Chinese: gʷān

Classic Old Chinese: gwān

Western Han Chinese: gwān

Eastern Han Chinese: gwān

Early Postclassic Chinese: gwān

Middle Postclassic Chinese: gwān

Late Postclassic Chinese: gwān

Middle Chinese: ɣwân

English meaning : a rush-mat; Juncus, Cyperus

Russian meaning[s]: громко, раскатисто (о смехе); [wān] см. 豌

Comments: Also read *kʷān, MC kwân, Pek. guān id. During Late Zhou also used for *g(h)ʷrānʔ "smile".

Radical: 140

Four-angle index: 7306

Karlgren code: 0257 q

Character: 莘

Modern (Beijing) reading: xīn

Russian meaning[s]: бот. подлесник, копытень (Asarum sieboldi); [shēn] 1) множество; 2) длина; длинный; 3) Шэнь (фамилия)

Radical: 140

Four-angle index: 2433

Karlgren code: 0382 h

Character: 荸

Modern (Beijing) reading: bi

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Character: 莢

Modern (Beijing) reading: jiá

Russian meaning[s]: стручок

Radical: 140

Four-angle index: 5004

Karlgren code: 0630 g

Character: 莖

Modern (Beijing) reading: jīng

Preclassic Old Chinese: ghrēŋ

Classic Old Chinese: ghrēŋ

Western Han Chinese: ɣrēŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: ɣriēŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: ɣiẹ̄ŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ɣiẹ̄ŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: ɣiẹ̄ŋ

Middle Chinese: ɣạiŋ

English meaning : stalk; sword hilt [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) стебель; ствол; 2) рукоять (напр. меча)

Comments: Modern jīng is quite irregular, as well as Min readings - Chaozhou kheŋ², Fuzhou kheŋ² (presupposing rather a variant *ghreŋ).

Radical: 140

Four-angle index: 130

Karlgren code: 0831 u

Character: 莽

Modern (Beijing) reading: mǎng

Preclassic Old Chinese: m(h)āŋʔ

Classic Old Chinese: m(h)ā́ŋ

Western Han Chinese: m(h)ā́ŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: m(h)ā́ŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: m(h)ā́ŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: m(h)ā́ŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: m(h)ā́ŋ

Middle Chinese: mấŋ

English meaning : thick grass, shrubs

Russian meaning[s]: 1) травы, густые заросли; 2) грубый, неотесанный

Comments: The word rhymes regularly in the 魚 class in Chuci, thus pointing to an OC variant *m(h)āʔ (it is also semantically aberrant: considered to be a Chu word meaning 'grass' in general). OC *m(h)āŋʔ is absent from Schüssler's dictionary, although it is attested (with the basic meaning 'thick grass') already in Yijing. A later, derived meaning (occurring since Tang) is 'coarse, rude'.

Radical: 140

Four-angle index: 2755

Karlgren code: 0709 a

Vietnamese reading: mãng

Character: 莫

Modern (Beijing) reading: mò

Preclassic Old Chinese: māk

Classic Old Chinese: māk

Western Han Chinese: māk

Eastern Han Chinese: māk

Early Postclassic Chinese: māk

Middle Postclassic Chinese: māk

Late Postclassic Chinese: māk

Middle Chinese: mâk

English meaning : be luxuriant (usually reduplicated)

Russian meaning[s]: 1) запретительное отрицание не, нельзя; 2) не иметь, нет; 3) нет ничего, что было бы...; нет таких, кто был бы... (больше, лучше и т. д.); 4) пустыня, пустынные степи; 5) спокойствие; молчание; 6) сокр. Москва; 7) Мо (фамилия); [mù] 1) вечер, вм. 暮; 2) палатка, шатер, вм. 幕

Shuowen gloss: 日且冥也.從日在莽中.莽亦聲.

Comments: The proper original meaning is probably 'sombre, dark' (cf. the Shuowen gloss); the actual attestations in Early Zhou have the meaning 'luxuriant' (of bushes, plants) or 'tranquil' (of people). It is hard to distinguish this word etymologically from 黑 *smǝ̄k 'black' (ST *mǝ̄k) q.v.

The character is also used for *māks, MC mò (FQ JY 莫故), Mand. mù 'name of a plant'; *māk, MC mâk 'to plan, deliberate'; but its most frequent usage is for a word *māk, MC mâk, Mand. mò 'none, nothing; in no way' (in Shijing, not in Shujing where instead 亡 *maŋʔ is used) - which is morphologically a distributive derivate from 無 *ma 'there is no; of all, none'. The latter has preserved reflexes in Min (q.v.), which allows us to reconstruct non-aspirated *m- in 莫 *māk.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 140

Four-angle index: 4893

Karlgren code: 0802 a-c

Shijing occurrences: 2.2_, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 30.2, 32.4, 35.1, 40.1, 41.3, 51.1

Character: 莒

Modern (Beijing) reading: jǔ

Preclassic Old Chinese: kraʔ

Classic Old Chinese: krá

Western Han Chinese: krá

Eastern Han Chinese: krá

Early Postclassic Chinese: kó

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kó

Late Postclassic Chinese: kó

Middle Chinese: kö́

English meaning : place name [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) сокр. Цзюйсянь (уезд в провинции Шаньдун); 2) Цзюй (древнее княжество)

Comments: The meaning 'name of a plant', although probably original, is attested only since Han time.

Radical: 140

Four-angle index: 1453

Karlgren code: 0076 l

Character: 莊

Modern (Beijing) reading: zhuāng

Russian meaning[s]: 1) деревня; хутор; посевы; 2) землевладелец; 3) хлебороб, крестьянин; 4) фирма; лавка; контора; 5) степенный; достойный; серьезный; 6) сокр. Чжуанцзы (философ); 7) Чжуан (фамилия)

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 140

Four-angle index: 141

Karlgren code: 0727 q

Character: 莓

Modern (Beijing) reading: mei

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Character: 莉

Modern (Beijing) reading: li

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Character: 莠

Modern (Beijing) reading: yǒu

Preclassic Old Chinese: luʔ

Classic Old Chinese: lú

Western Han Chinese: lǝ́w

Eastern Han Chinese: źǝ́w

Early Postclassic Chinese: źíw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: jíw

Late Postclassic Chinese: jíw

Middle Chinese: jǝ́w

English meaning : weeds; bad

Russian meaning[s]: 1) сорные травы, плевелы; 2) злой, плохой, порочный; дурные привычки

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 140

Four-angle index: 4621

Karlgren code: 1095 d

Character: 荷

Modern (Beijing) reading: hé

Preclassic Old Chinese: ghāj

Classic Old Chinese: ghāj

Western Han Chinese: ɣāj

Eastern Han Chinese: ɣǟ

Early Postclassic Chinese: ɣā

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ɣā

Late Postclassic Chinese: ɣā

Middle Chinese: ɣâ

English meaning : lotus; to scold, blame, reprimand

Comments: For *gh- cf. Xiamen o². Also used as a loan for *g(h)ājʔ, MC ɣấ, Pek. hè 'carry, sustain' (LZ).

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Karlgren code: 0001 o

Character: 荻

Modern (Beijing) reading: dí

Russian meaning[s]: тростник сахароцветный (Miscanthus sacchariflorus)

Radical: 140

Four-angle index: 5457

Karlgren code: 0856 d